Grade Speech Essay Example for Free

Grade Speech EssayFrom the minute the teacher menti iodined the word SPEECHES i started to frown. I deplete never been a big fan nomenclaturees from the start, tear down though i fuck off been doing them for a few years now i still have trouble with them. Whether its coming up with a topic, revising and editing, or presenting in front of the class i beart resembling it one bit. entirely when you think of it who really does like doing lecture toes at argon age. I have never met someone who has started jumping up and down cheering when they hear the teacher start talking about doing speeches. Or someone who started thinking yaaa i get stand up in front of all my friends and my classmates and talk about one subject for 5 to 6 minutes. But in the end we all have to do it one time or another. Knowing that I start thinking of different topics to do my speech on, and then i think why not do a speech on the very thing i have trouble with. wherefore not do a speech on doing a speech. So heres my speech on speeches.The first step on creating your speech is too come up with a good topic. You wanna think of something that isnt too boring. The last thing you want is to be standing there talking with half of the room falling asleep. You want a topic that is something your audience will find interesting or maybe something they can relate to. If your like me, coming up with the right topic to do your speech on can be challenging sometimes. So here are some things to lionize in mind while finding a good topic for you. First thing is that the topic you choose has to be one that either you dwell a lot on or one that will be easy to research. If you cant get information on it then you wont have anything to talk about. Second thing to bread and butter in mind is that you need to make sure the topic is appropriate for whatever audience you will be presenting to. Third thing is that another way to help think of a topic is to brainstorm. You can brainstorm many diff erent ideas then choose the one you want to do most.The next part to do of the writhing section of your speech is the draft. this is one of the parts that takes the most work. The most important thing to keep in mind while writing your draft is that its a draft A rough copy. You can go back and fix things later when you dont like what u have written. There should be three parts to your speech. 1 the introduction. 2 the body. 3 the conclusion. The introduction is where it all starts. Thats where you have your opening sentence. You want your opening sentence to be something interesting that will grab the audiences attention and make them want to keep on listening to the speech. A good introduction is the way to start off a good speech the body of your speech is the middle. Its the biggest part of the whole thing. Then theres your conclusion. Its the ending part of speech, the part where you Finnish up and conclude. Now its time to revise and edit.

Institutionalise Islamophobe Essay Example for Free

Institutionalise Islamophobe EssayThe insects of racial discrimination, the curse of civilization, are bit by bit eating up out society, dissolving harmony and affection, transforming human being in weapons of carnage. Thus the society no longer remains a remediate place to live in. Islamophobe is a contentious neologism distinct by some as a chauvinism in ambition to, or demonisation of, Muslims. The feeling is documented in use as early as 1976, but came into greater prevalence in the late 1980s and early 1990s.(King, 2001) The expressions use has become greater than before since the September 11, 2001 attacks. It can be mentioned that this is an irrational paranoia that needs to be eradicated from the face of the earth in order of battle to make life a bit peaceful. British authors and intellectuals like Kenan Malik have condemned the learning, calling it an allegory. According to Malik this concept bamboozles prejudice in opposition to Muslims with denigration of Islam , and is utilize to silence detractors of the religion, as well as Muslims who intend to reform it.Novelist Salman Rushdie and many others signed a proclamation in March 2006, which deemed Islamophobe a desolate perception that lodgees denunciation of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it. Danish politician Bashy Quraishy has mentioned that islamophobe and anti-Semitism are two faces of the same coin. In the yrar1996 the Runnymede Trust, an autonomous anti-racist think tank in the United Kingdoms, recognized the assignment on British Muslims and Islamophobe, headed by Professor Gordon Conway, the vice-chancellor of the University of Sussex.According to the report launched in November 1997 by the Home Secretary, Jack Straw, Islamophobe can be considered as a challenge for the society as a whole. It portrayed Islamophobe as concerning eight idiosyncratic characteristics such as Islam is considered as a monolithic bloc, static and insensitive to alter ations. It is observed as separate and other. It does non have principles in familiar with other ethnicities, is not pretentious by them and even does not influence them. It is perceived as substandard to the West.It is observed as barbaric, unreasonable, primordial, and sexist. It is seen as brutal, violent, intimidating, encouraging of terrorism, and affianced in a friction of civilizations. It is observed as a political philosophy, designed for political or military benefit. Condemnations do of the West by Islam are discarded out of hand. antagonism towards Islam is used to give explanation for prejudiced practices in the direction of Muslims and segregation of Muslims from conventional society.Anti-Muslim resentment is seen as usual and normal. In 1997 the British Runnymede Trust made it clear that Islamophobe as the observation that Islam has no ethics in common with other cultures, is substandard to the West, is an aggressive political ideology instead of being a religion, that its disparagement of the West have no essence, and that prejudiced practices against Muslims are justified as such.Despite the fact that Muslims do not comprise a travel rapidly in isolation, the submission is that many Europeans and North Americans have an inaccurate discernment of Muslims as composing a separate a race, which in he dustup of Khyati Joshi is radicalization of religion. On the other hand, Muslims may be perplexed with Arabs, even though the mainstream of the worlds Muslims are not Arabs. (Lamb, 2004) There are several causes behind Islamophobe the prime among them is to perplex disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it.Sociologists have time and again argued that there was a swing in forms of chauvinism in the 1990s from race-based discrimination to inequity based on culture and religion. In 2004, Anja Rudiger, Executive director of the European Monitoring Centre on Racism and Xenophobia, made it clear in an Oxford c onference on Muslims in Europe that, ever since the 9/11 attacks, religion had outshined race as the virtually important focal point of divergence, and that an individuals religion was now looked upon as one and the same with their background.In the case of Muslims, this showed the way to another dimension of chauvinism, Rudiger argued, in that European Muslims were observed as signifying an amalgamated culture relatively different from European society, one that is strappingly correlated to certain non-European states. From Rudigers perspective, such observations are element of the course of action of classifying Islam as Europes other. Due to Islamophobe instead of engaging Muslims in debate, non-Muslims are hypothetical to sneak around them, for fear of causing felony.(Fletcher, 2005) There are several asseverate acts of Islamophobia, such as Dr Amanda Wise and Ghali Hassan from GlobalResearch. ca have assumed that the 2005 Cronulla insurrection were the consequence of an atmo sphere of Islamophobe in Australia. Dalil Boubakeur, a director of a Paris mosque illustrated the wreckage on a Mosque, referred to the burning of a Muslim Sanctuaries, attacks on hijabi Muslim women all over the world as Islamophobic. Muslim activists alleged that the Forest Gate anti terror raid in London was Islamophobic.France, which has a strong secular institution separating church from State, was accused of Islamophobe when the decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was approved, which prohibits the wearing of conspicuous religious symbols in public schools. In a February 10, 2004 accounted by Al Jazeera the head of the Party of Frances Muslims, Muhammad Latreche in analysing the French decree on secularity and conspicuous religious symbols in schools was referenced as mentioning that the legislation would, institutionalise Islamophobe.In Germany, the state of Baden-Wurttemberg has anticipated set of laws that necessitate citizenship applicants fro m the member states of the Organization of the Moslem Conference to answer enquiries concerning their outlook on domestic aggression and other religious subjects. A BBC assessment taken in the summer of 2004 estimated that employment applicants with Muslim names were far less probable to be called for an interview than applicants whose names did not appear to be Muslim. (Dos, 2006) There have been efforts in opposition to suppose Islamophobe by several organizations in various countries through out the globe.In 2006 the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) was set up as an observatory automobile trunk on Islamophobe. This will keep an eye on and document activities professed as Islamophobic around the planet. Throughout the attainment talks on the subject of Turkeys probable entry to the EU, then Prime Minister of Holland, Jan Peter Balkenende, made it clear that Islamophobe must not have an effect on the possibility of Turkeys gateway to the European Union. 50,000 peop le signed an appeal urging French President Jacques Chirac to deem Islamophobe as a new form of racism, punishable by decree.In the UK several methods directed towards limiting Islamophobe have been set up. In Tower Hamlets, a heavily populated area in London, a misdemeanour reporting system called Islamophobe has been set up which police expect will increase consciousness of Islamophobe and facilitate them to recognize the extent of the dilemma. The British National Union of Teachers (NUT) has issued guidelines to teachers and recommending them to contest Islamophobe, as they have a fundamental character to play in helping to dismiss myths about Muslim communities.In 2006 the Catholic Mission Austria and the Islamic Denomination Austria formed a platform called Christians and Muslims, which endeavours against stereotypes and antagonism and intends to augment lenience and admiration. In 1991 the Islamic Culture Foundation (FUNCI) prepared, in association with UNESCO and the Instit ut du Monde Arabe of Paris, a global symposium concerning the involvement of Islamic Civilization in European Culture. The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan issued a call in 1999 to world influential to fight Islamophobe.The Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) and the Trades Union recounting (TUC) organized a colloquium on how to fight Islamophobe. (Kar, 2006) floor helps out us to identify ourselves, recognize who we are and be acquainted with the origin where we come from. We over and over again shrink back from hearing about our chronological times of yore for the reason that so much of it is excruciating. Islamophobe is a dejected perception that perplexes disapproval of Islam as a religion and stigmatization of those who have faith in it.Islamophobe, a myth or a kind of racism, obfuscates bias in opposition to Muslims with disparagement of Islam and that it is used to quieten detractors and Muslim reformers.References Dos, M (2006) Future of Thought Process Alliance Publications Fletc her, R (2005) Beliefs and Knowledge Believing and Knowing Howard Price. Kar, P (2006) History of Islam Dasgupta Chatterjee King, H (2001) International Politics Today HBT Brooks Ltd Lamb, Davis (2004) Cult to Culture The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata National Book Trust.

Medium Of Defamation In The Cyberspace Media Essay

Medium Of Defamation In The Cyberspace Media EssayDefamation is potentially unity of the largest aras of law which exit be affected by the internet revolution as it deals, quite simply, with communication between people1. The internet provides a new means to facilitate this communication and so is an ideal forum for free speech, a practice which apprize often lead to vituperative and contumelious language2. A communication is defamatory if it tends so to harm the reputation of an other(a) as to lower him in the estimation of the community or to deter third mortals from associating or dealing with him.3With the aim to injure the reputation of the victim and in spoticular to cause him (or her) to be regarded with feelings of hatred, contempt, ridicule, fear, detest or disesteem is burst of the objective of the sprinkling4. The maligner or the defendant fag end be taken into custody for his/her action if the plaintiff thinks that the information given in the meshwork is fals e, inappropriate and resulting lowering down the plaintiff reputation. Depending on different countries and regions, the punishment for traducement in the cyberspace is varies due to its law. several(prenominal) country for example Brunei can take 5 years prisons for the punishment.It is not only the author or originator of a defamatory statement that whitethorn be liable for the military issue of that statement rather, defamation law ensures that anyone who plays a significant role in the act of republication or redistri thoion of defamatory message will be held accountable for that message5.This objective of this root is to de preconditionine jurisdiction on the regional cases of defamation in Brunei and Malaysia. Other than that, this paper withal explains medium of defamation in the cyberspace, the effects of the defamation to the victim, the punishment to the defamer and the court action with the case.BRUNEI AND MALAYSIA DEFAMATION LAWBoth Brunei and Malaysia defamation l aw atomic number 18 based on the incline Common Law6.MALAYSIA DEFAMATION LAWMalaysia Defamation identification number are the Malaysian Defamation Act 1957 for civil cases and the Penal Code of Malaysia prick 499 Section 503 for criminal cases7. This law does not define defamation. It recognized ii forms of defamation only that is libel and slander. There are distinct differences of these two forms of defamation. The difference lies in the means or medium by which the defamatory literal is communicated. It used to be a fundamental distinction that between a written or printed word which is concludes as libel and spoken course which are considered as slander.Both libel and slander are civil and criminal offences. Thus, a somebody who is guilty of libel or slander may be sued in court, and also face jail sentence. In civil cases, the person so defamed will normally sue the maker of the defamatory haggle for compensation. The tot of the compensation depends on the damage caus ed to the reputation of the person suing.In criminal cases, the punishment for defamation is a jail sentence for a maximum of two years, or a fine, or a combination of a jail sentence and a fine Section 500-502 Penal Code.But, nowadays the general view of libel is whether the publication is in a permanent form, in other forms it is a slander. Defamation in a permanent forms and is unremarkably visible to the eye, such as items in writing, email, pictures, statutes or effigies. Section 3 of the Defamation Act 1957 stated that broadcasting of words by means of radio communication shall be treated as communication in a permanent form.BRUNEI DEFAMATION LAWThe Defamation Act of Brunei Darussalam, which was revised in 2000, punishes libel or slander by means of broadcasting, telecommunication or publication by newspaper.8Like Malaysia, the laws also governing twain libel and slander are identical.Bloggers should also be aware that down the stairs the Brunei Defamation Act, a blog post for the purpose of the law of libel and slander, may be considered the equivalent to broadcasting of words by means of telecommunication and as such will be treated as publication. Even though the defamatory content on the Internet can be deleted, there is a possibility that the post can be recovered through a cache, and thus can be admitted into evidence9.Though there has not been any major case of litigation concerning blogs and bloggers in Brunei, the neighboring countries of Malaysia and Singapore energize had cases which lead resulted in imprisonment for definitions make by bloggers10. Under Section 500 of Bruneis Penal Code, whoever defames another can be imprisoned for a term of up to 5 years and a fine11.MEDIUM OF DEFAMATION IN THE CYBERSPACEBased on Lilian Edwards study, she define that there are at least four distinct sites where defamation may occur in the cyberspace that can usefully be separated out, as to some issue they raise distinct problems12.One to one email m essagesCompared to the traditional written mail (via postal), transmission of email is virtually instantaneous and usually, once sent, is irrevocable. As a result, email correspondence is often in substance more like spoken conversation than written interaction13. Interaction and communication between two are becoming no limitless which can turn out to be legally actionable.Mailing ListThe format of an electronic poster hark is that various parties subscribe by email to the list, which is administered by some central host. The subject of watchword of the list may be anything from Internet law to objective ale to homosexual fantasies. Usually the list is set up so that, by default, any email message sent by any one lector to the list is bounced or exploded out to every other subscriber. Carelessness can lead to the user think they reply only to the maker but actually the user sends their reply to the every member in the list. The embarrassment factor can be considerable, particu larly where the members of the list form a lilliputian professional community within which the professional reputation of the person defamed can be severely damaged14.NewsgroupNewsgroups are discussion forum which are made up of comments from their subscribers, sorted by subject matter. All it takes is to subscribe and post comments to the newsgroup15. Collectively, the newsgroups available to Internet users are some clocks known as the Usenet16. There are something like 14,000 Usenet newsgroups subscribed to en masse by millions of subscribers, located in every country where there is Internet access. As a result, any comment posted to a Usenet newsgroup is virtually guaranteed to be published, and read, within days if not hours, in legion(predicate) hundreds of national jurisdictions. As can be imagined, the volume of material published in these forums is enormous one estimate is that around 4 million phrases are available at any particular time17. Therefore, the hazard of def amation cases in the newsgroup is higher.The World Wide WebLike newsgroups, Web sites can be accessed and read in multiple jurisdictions, and they therefore share many of the problems of transnational publication discussed above. But perhaps the major unique problem with the Web is how far it allows any individual to mimic traditional publishing at very low cost. Home pages can be set up which do a good job of looking like electronic journals or glossy magazines and which can be extremely attractive, with good design and graphic content18. However many of the parties setting up Web sites often fans of everyday music or TV programmes, students, pressure groups, or amateur associations are not already hard copy or traditional publishers, have no knowledge of the law of defamation or libel, and may well find themselves publishing defamatory statements without fully appreciating their potential liability19.LIABILITY OF INTERNET receipts PROVIDERSThe key role of ISPs is to provide ac cess to the Internet for their subscribers. This access includes allowing subscribers both to read and write to Usenet newsgroups and to surf the Web. ISPs also sometimes host local discussion forum and almost invariably agree to act as physical hosts to Web pages set up by their subscribers (generally to a maximum storage of a few megabytes)20.In all these cases, the ISP runs the risk of being regarded as the publisher of libelous remarks, originated by another person, but published by them in one of these forums. As per mention before, any repetition or re-publication of a defamatory statement is in itself actionable. Action is possible against all intervening persons who are obligated for repeating, publishing or otherwise circulating the defamation21.Therefore, any republish or repeating, the victim can choose whether to sue original defamer or the re-publisher or both and in many cases, ISP were usually being sued due to the money issue rather than suing the original author.H OW IS DEFAMATION PUNISHEDDefamation is usually a civil offence, although it can be a criminal matter under special circumstances.22CIVIL DEFAMATIONMost complaints of defamation are dealt with under civil law. That means that cases go to a civil court and are punished by awarding money (called remediation) against the person found to have commit the offence, usually called the defendant. If someone takes you to court for defamation, they will be the plaintiff, you will be the defendant.23In civil defamation, the principle is the same as for someone who has been physically injure as a result of someone elses actions, either through carelessness or a planned attack. The injured person may take the other person (or people) to court. If successful, the injured person will be awarded a sum of money as compensation. This money will be paid by the person who did the damage.24DAMAGESThere are several kinds of damages a court can award, either separately or together.25General or Compensator y damages which a court may award for a persons loss of reputation, shame or hurt feelings. The payment to the plaintiff may be at small amount of money.Special damages compensate for any loss of business or earnings the plaintiff may have suffered as a result of the defamation. These could also include any money the plaintiff has spent as a result of the defamation, for example in sending letters to clients denying the allegations.Aggravated damages this can be awarded if the court thinks that the defamation was deliberate, possibly out of ill-will or any other improper motive (usually referred to as malice, which we discussed earlier).Punitive or Exemplary damages which may sometimes be awarded if the defamation is so extreme that the court feels the need to punish you or warn other journalists against similar conduct.Damages are usually large in the case of media organisations because the courts think that they can pay more for their mistakes than individuals can.CRIMINAL DEF AMATIONDefamation can also be a criminal offence, which means that those found guilty could be fined or sent to prison or both. This is much less common than civil defamation.26A missionary station of criminal defamation can be brought if the words, pictures or gestures use provoke resulting riots, mob violence or other breaches of the public peace. For this reason, the prosecution does not have to prove publication to a third party. It is enough that the person the defendent are referring to hears the words (or sees the gestures) and reacts violently. However, unlike civil defamation, the prosecution will have to prove that the words complained of were malicious. In civil defamation the words may be malicious, but in criminal defamation they must be.27SOCIAL MEDIA TECHNOLOGIESSocial media technologies are part of the cyberspace. It include blogs, picture sharing, email, instant messaging, vlogs and other medium that allow to be democratically interactive in ways unlike radio, tele vision, or highly alter letters pages of newspapers and magazine. Below is some case law and summaries that happen in Brunei and Malaysia which relate with defamation in cyberspace.Facebook is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to micturate profiles, upload photos and pic, send messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleague28. One recent and well-known case in Brunei with regards to Facebook Upload is Adi Adip29case where the defendant had uploaded his ex-girlfriends (Miss X) lewd picture and video clip on the Facebook. The reason for his action is to insult Miss Xs modesty as well as to get her attention afterward she had broken off her relationship with the defendant.The plaintiff report this issue to the police once she discovered the Facebook account is under her name, managed by the defendant and containing the obscene pictures and video clips involving herself. The court ordered for the iPhone used by the defendant to be f orfeited and all photos and videos related to the case was seized and disposed of, including copies, immediately. This is one case example from Brunei of the defamation in cyberspace. Other than that, the defendant was send to jail for 10 months.In Malaysia, over the past years, Malaysians have been increasingly engaged in virtual communities and online interactions. Some have led to positive outcomes, but some of these virtual arenas have been exploited, tarnishing the true potential of the Internet30.In case of Jeff Ooi and Rocky Bru31case, this is the first time in Malaysia that a prominent media organization filed a suit against bloggers. Jeff Oois Screenshot become a topic of debate when he retracted all his libelous allegations in weblog against the New Straits Times.Raja Petra Kamaruddin is a Malaysian editor known for running Malaysia Today website. He published a series of commentary article on Malaysia politics in the website. There are a lot of cases relate to him which i nclude both Civil and Criminal offences. Some of his cases areNordin Kardi UUM v RPK (2008)Lt-Col Aziz Buyong Lt-Col Norhayati Hassan v RPK (2008)Datuk Muhammad Shafee Abdullah v RPK (2008)Public Prosecutor v RPK (2008)Due to large number of cases he was being suit, he was arrested by the authorities. He was detained under the privileged Security Act on 12th September 2008 under section 73, 60 days detention by Police Officer and again on 24th September 2008, under section 8(1) which he was detained for 2 years by the Minister.CONCLUSIONAs mention earlier in this paper, the objective of this paper is to determine jurisdiction on the regional cases of defamation in Brunei and Malaysia. This paper also explains medium of defamation in the cyberspace, the effects of the defamation to the victim, the punishment to the defamer and the court action with the case.Weve found that there are 4 distinct medium of defamation in the cyberspace one to one email messages, mailing list, newsgro up and the World Wide Web32. As we know, defamation can result to injure the reputation of the victim and in particular to cause him (or her) to be regarded with feelings of hatred, contempt, ridicule, fear, dislike or disesteem.

The Low Cost Airline Air Asia

The Low Cost Airline Air AsiaThe misfortunate- court concept became a money-spinner in the United States, where it was pioneered in the 1970s by Southwest Airlines, the model for budget carriers elsewhere like Ryanair and easyJet in Europe.Definition of pitiable salute skywaysA confused cost flight path gener wholey has many features that differentiate it from the traditionalistic carriers. These features include tagless travel, online ticket sales, no international offices, no frequent flyer points, no free food and beverages, no inflight magazines, no club lounges, delectation of secondary city airports.Not all low cost airlines have these features, and not all airlines that have some of these features atomic number 18 low cost airlines. For example, Virgin Express is a low cost airline, but it still tolerates complimentary coffee and inflight magazine, and they be based at Brussels primary airport.Case Study-AirAsiaStory of AirAsiaAir Asia, as the second Malaysian Na tional Airline, provides a totally different reference of military benefit in line with the nations aspirations to benefit all citizens and worldwide travellers. Such service takes the form of a no frills low airfargons flight offering, 40%-60% dismay than what is currently offered in this part of Asia. Their vision is Now Everyone Can Fly and their mission is to provide Affordable Airf ars without any compromise to Flight Safety Standards.The allegory of emergence of AirAsia is similar to Ryanair, since both carriers underwent a remarkable transformation from a money-losing regional operator to a profitable, low cost airline.AirAsia was initially launched in 1996 as a lavish-service regional airline offering slightly cheaper f bes than its main competitor, Malaysia Airlines. Before 2001, AirAsia fail to either sufficiently stimulate the market place or seduce bounteous riders from Malaysia Airlines to establish its own niche market. The turnaround point of AisAsia is in 2 001, while it was up to sale and bought by Tony Fernandes. Tony Fernandes then enrolled some of the lending low-priced airline experts to restructure AirAsias business model. He invited Connor McCarthy, the former director of group operation of Ryanair, to voice the executive team. In late 2001, AirAsia was re-launched in Malaysia as a trendy, subjective operation with three B737 aircraft as a low-f ar, low-cost internal airline.Opportunities plaqued by AirAsia in light of external developmentLow fare of Indonesia-Malaysia aerateThe fare for a Jakarta-Johor Baru trip be Rp 100,000 (RM 88.88 one way). And charge Rp 150,000 for a Bandung-Kuala Lumpur flight, and Rp 300,000 for a Surabaya-Kuala Lumpur trip, whereas a Jakarta-Kuala Lumpur air ticket from Malaysia Airlines available at travel agents cost Rp 1.4 million. Meanwhile, Lion Air on the same route, charged Rp 1.05 million. The low fare provided by AirAsia military services it open the Indonesia market.Low fare of capi tal of Singapore-Bangkok serviceAirAsia will increase its serve between Singapore Bangkok by introducing a 2nd daily flight to its lively schedule. This recent development came barely a month by and by Thai AirAsia operations started its first international flight to Singapore in early February this year. AirAsia is offering its guests promotional fares to/from Singapore- Bangkok from SGD$23.99 (THB 499) one way from the 28th marchland to 30th Oct, 2004. It is much lower than the lowest fare SGD$56 offered by full-service carrier. This helps it open the Singapore market.Political connectionsAirAsia hold 49% of Thai AirAsia with 1% universe held by a Thai individual. The remaining 50% is held by shin Corp. which is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra. Shin Corp. has financial strength, synergy in ingormation engineering and telecommunications, which support AirAsia Internet and mobile phone bookings. Shin Corp. allows subscribers of the Shin mobi le phone flagship, Advanced Information Service, being able to reserve tickets through its short-messaging service (SMS). AirAsia with its politically respectable backer may well grow up to bite. This helps it open the Thailand market.Malaysian politics supportThe Malaysian government supported the mental hospital of AirAsia in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport. AirAsias flights from Senai are meant to develop Johor into a transport hub to rival Singapore. AirAsia, at that placefore, can provide an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Malaysia.Opportunities faced by AirAsia in light of internal developmentIssue of IPOKamarudin Meranun, AirAsias Executive managing director announced the appointment of Credit Suisse First Boston (CSFB) and RHB Sakura Merchant Bankers (RHB) as the bookrunners for the companys upcoming Initial Public Offering (IPO).The IPO strengthens AirAsia balance sheet, fur ther cuts its existing low costs at 2.5 US cents per ASK and accelerates our harvest-festival plans throughout Asia. The IPO also allows AirAsia to expand its fleet of 18 Boeing 737-300s.Political connectionsThai AirAsia is a join venture established by AirAsia with Shin Corp. Shin Corp. is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and about 900 million baht will be invested in Thai AirAsia over a five-year period. Shin Corp. oversees the finance and administration of Thai AirAsia while AirAsia shoulders the responsibility for marketing and operations. Shin Corp. has financial strength and supports AirAsia to grow. AirAsia with its politically powerful backer may well grow up to bite.Challenges faced by AirAsia in light of external developmentIndonesian habitPreferences of Indonesian passengers are quite different from the concept of cheap air travel without extra service for the passengers (free snacks and drinks), and also their reluctance to bring lig ht baggage.AirAsia prefers passengers with very light and tokenish baggage. If this is the case, it may not last long.But Indonesian domestic airline companies are able to provide value-added extras like food and beverages as part of their service to the passengers, although at a relatively higher cost.The comparative edge of Indonesian domestic airline companies compared to AirAsia concerns habit (culture).Furthermore, Indonesian domestic airlines were already trained with the low-cost air travel concept, known as tariff war. They have proved themselves as immune, and managed to survive.Last but not least, the Indonesian government or domestic airline companies had never announced the availability of a low-cost airline company of the country. All these affect AirAsia growth in Indonesia.Singapore government rejectionInitially, AirAsia valued to start flights from the southern state of Johor, near Singapore, it hoped to attract passengers by running a convenient bus service to the city-state. However, Singapore quickly quashed that idea. The Singapore government said it would not approve a bus link for AirAsia because it was not in her national interest, reflecting fears that Singapores Changi airport would lose business to Johors naked as a jaybird Senai airport. This makes AirAsia cannot abandon the use of Changi airport, and therefore suffer from a higher cost.This is because AirAsia flying to Singapore needs to suffer from flight congestion of Changi. Changi has drawbacks of flight congestion that could pr hithertot the quick turnarounds essential to keeping down costs. AirAsia finds it stuck between big planes and circling to wait for a slot to open up, which means extra fuel costs. Moreover, the SGD$21 departure and security tax revenue of Changi is too high for AirAsia low-cost operation. AirAsia had asked the Singapore government to waive the fees, however, a request that was not only rejected but also criticized. as well Singapore Bangkok, AirAsi a now provides an alternative route to travel to Bangkok, by using Senai Airport in Johor Bahru, in southern Malaysia. Seeking to cater to the different markets, fares for Johor Bahru- Bangkok are generally 20 % lower in comparison to Singapore Bangkok. AirAsia currently operate daily flights to Bangkok from Johor Bahru. However, the choice proved unpopular, as the route failed to attract Singaporeans because of the additional cost and inconvenience of having to travel in and out of Malaysia by road. All these affect AirAsia external growth.Minimum air-fare ratesAirAsia faces challenges finding open travesty and landing slots at opportune times, and Thailands regulation that sets minimum air-fare rates. Although Transport Minister Suriya Jungrungreangkit said the current minimum air-fare regulations will be scrapped to open up the market, he couldnt name a date when this will be done. This seems to be favoritism toward Thai Airways Internationals domestic operations, and affects T hai AirAsia to compete in the Thailand market.External Changes which have electrical shock on AirAsiaAsias plaza class growthLow cost airlines are anticipated to have greater potential in Asia as there are many Asiatic cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. This growth of middle class in Asia provides a huge market potential for AirAsia to grow.However, as the market is becoming larger, more airlines or new comers would like to get a piece of the action. For example, Budget airlines, it is estimated, will capture at least 25% of Asias air travel market within succeeding(a) 10 years and a lot of that will be new, not diverted, traffic. Therefore, AirAsia will face more competitions at the same time.Besides the low cost airlines, AirAsia still needs to compete with the stuffy carriers. Although extra passengers of the low cost airlines will be coming from the new demand to be created by the low fares, the growth may not be entirely stolen from big flag carriers.Actions of Changi and nearby airportsThe growth of low cost airlines in south-east Asia has a noteworthy effect on which airports will dominate the regional aviation market. Low cost airlines are seen as helping funnel more passengers to airport hubs. Therefore, there is a realization among regional governments that they need smashing airports and feisty carriers or they are going to miss out big time. Therefore, these governments are more automatic to support low cost airlines. For example, the Malaysian government supported the establishment of AirAsian in 2001 to help boost the under-used Kuala Lumpur International Airport, and Thai premiers Shin Corp. forms a join venture with AirAsia that would benefit Bangkoks new airport and create a new hub at Chiang Mai. Therefore, under this situation, it helps AirAsia grow in Asia.Moreover, as there is a growth of several south-east Asian airports, this poses a challenge to the status of Singap ores Changi airport as a regional aviation hub. These airports include Johors new Senai airport in southern Malaysia, Bangkoks new Suvarnabhumi airport which will be able to handle 45 million passengers when it opens in 2005, Bangkok Don Muang which recently overtook Changi in passenger numbers, etc. To maintain Changis position as the air hub in the region, Singapore is proposing a budget airline terminal at Changi by 2005 and lower passenger taxes to attract low cost airlines. This helps AirAsia grow and lower the cost.Actions of existing airlinesThe existing airlines in south-east Asia have several actions to compete with AirAsia, for example, some have launched a low cost airline to fight with AirAsia.Singapore Airlines launched a low cost airline subsidiary, Tiger Airways, in the second half of 2003, only months subsequently the scheduled launch of ValuAir set up by one of its former executives.Orient Thai Airlines launched a new low cost airline subsidiary, One-To-Go. One-To- Go operates with a fleet of six Boeing 757-200s and match any fares that Thai AirAsia offers.Thai Airways have frequency and capacity to offer to their 13 domestic destinations. They also have, during the past cardinal years, worked to improve operative efficiency, slashing unprofitable domestic routes, increasing flights on busy routes, strengthening yield management and controlling costs.All these make AirAsia face a huge competition.Critical success factors in the Low cost airlines in AsiaReduction in operable costLow cost airlines distort to achieve the lowest possible price for their products and services. Low prices cannot sustain unless the company maximizes its operational efficiency.The success factors of Asian low cost airlines in reducing their operational cost includeService savings (no frills cabin service and extensive use of outsourcing)NO-frills includeNO drinks, NO food, NO headphones, NO newspapers, NO movies, NO VIP lounges, NO expensive offices, NO mileage pr ograms, NO seat allocation, NO childrens fares, NO paper tickets (Electronic tickets only), NO connecting flights (All flight-legs must be book independently)Operational savings (point-to-point services and uniform fleet)Overhead savings (internet sales and streamlined bureaucracy)We can compare the operational cost in terms of costs per available seat kilometer (ASK), a measure of the running cost of the airline. For instance, Ryanair in Europe is almost half of the ASK price comparing with the full services airline. The average fare offered by Air Asia in Malaysia is 40-60 % lower than its full-service competitor.Competitive Ticket price against traditional full-service airlineLow cost airlines begins with cardinal initial cost advantages arising from the very nature of their operation higher seating density and higher daily aircraft utilization. By removing business class and reconfiguring their aircraft, low cost airlines can increase the number of seats on their aircraft. Seat pitch of a low cost airline is usually 28 inches, compared to a traditional conventional economy class pitch with 32 inches. Doganis (2001) calculates that should be able to operate at seat cost that are only 40-50 % those of mainline rival. combination the load factor benefit and beneficial distribution cost, low cost airlines cost per passenger can reduce price by one-third of conventional airline.Flying out of secondary airportsMany low-cost airlines keep expenses down by flying out of secondary airports, avoiding major hubs where takeoff and landing fees are much higher while still getting passengers close enough to their destinations.The travel distance is shortAs the routes offered by low cost airlines are mainly short, domestic routes which may only take one to two hours, travellers might be fine with no amenities on flightsSuccess factors in AirAsiaAbsolute Cost AdvantageLow cost per average seat kilometerAirAsia focused on ensuring a competitive cost structure as its main business strategy. It has been able to achieve a cost per average seat kilometer (ASK) of 2.5 cents, half that of Malaysia Airlines and Ryanair and a third that of EasyJet. AirAsia can lease the B737-300s aircraft at a very competitive market rates due to the harsh global market conditions for the second-hand aircrafts because of the September 11th event in 2001. On the some other hand, the operating cost of the company is also dropped drastically.Low distribution costAirAsia focus on Internet bookings and ticketless travel allowed it to lower the distribution cost.Attractive ticket priceWith the average fare being 40-60 % lower than its full-service competitor, AirAsia has been able to achieve strong market stimulation in the domestic Malaysian air market (Thomas 2003). For instance, the fare for the trip from Kuala Lumpur to Penang on AirAsia starts from 39 ringgit. Comparing to trip by bus charge 40 ringgit and 80 ringgit by car. The effect of attractive low fare is more travel ers switching from bus to air, similar case as Ryanair in Europe.Good Management TeamAirAsia value proposition is more sophisticate than Ryanair placing equal emphasis on brand reputation and client service/people management, by a senior advisor to AisAsias top management team. AirAsia pursue a Ryanair operational strategy, Southwest people strategy and an Easyjet branding strategy.WeaknessFair availabilityThe availability of AirAsia is not good as traditional airline as it only provide unique aircraft. However, it cannot be the cost leader if it offers customized features or comprehensive support which will result in increasing operational cost.However, focus on a specific customer may avoid straddling.Case of straddlingA Japanese low cost airline, Skymark, trying to be everything to everyone targeting the broader customer and offering limited special features (satellite TV, Business class and charter operations). The result is failing to both cost efficient and price competitive rendering it defenseless to market forces and customer demand (porter1996 Lawton 1999).Major strategic directions recommendedOpen more Asian marketLow cost airlines are anticipated to have greater potential in Asia as there are many Asian cities with a population above one million people each as well as a rising middle class population. It is time for AirAsia to exploit the potentials of affordable air travel by Asias growing middle class. Besides starting services to the Pearl River Delta in south China in 2004, AirAsia can expend its services to the coastal cities in China.Besides the growth of Asian middle class, the liberalization of aviation sector of India is another reason for AirAsia to open more Asian market. The Indian government has liberalized the aviation sector long prevail by the national carriers. Now, only a few low cost airlines, e.g. Air Deccan, Airone Feeder Airline Pvt Ltd, Crescent Air, have launched their services there. Moreover, the national carriers, Ind ian Airlines or Air India, despite their domination of the Indian skies, do not seem to be much interested in operating low-cost services. Therefore, it is a good chance for AirAsia to open the Indian market.Join venture with Virgin GroupAirAsia should put more effort to set up a pan-Asian low cost airline with Virgin Blue, which is a low cost carrier of Virgin Group serving Australia and New Zealand mainly. Virgin Blue has suggested it may volunteer services to south-east Asia. Therefore, setting up a join venture with Virgin Blue can help AirAsia to grow in Asia even further, and help Virgin Blue to extend services to south-east Asia.Recommendations to maximize competitive advandages of AirAsia1. Enforce Political advantagesAirAsia established a join venture, Thai AirAsia with Shin Corp. Shin Corp. is owned by the family of Thailands prime minister, Thaksin Shinawatra, and about 900 million baht will be invested in Thai AirAsia over a five-year period. Shin Corp. has financial st rength, synergy in ingormation technology and telecommunications, which support AirAsia to grow in Thailand. AirAsia with its politically powerful backer can well grow up to bite, and therefore it should enforce such(prenominal) political advantages in order to extend the growth in Thailand.Furthermore, AirAsia should use its Thai subsidiary, Thai AirAsia, to claim the use of Thailands open skies agreements to fly to Singapore, Brunei and Cambodia, overcoming the barrier of symmetric aviation pacts that threatened to limit its growth.Induction of smart cardsAirAsia can issue a smart card which is compatible with the existing ticketless booking.It can offer 2 kinds of smart cards. The first kind of smart card, aimed at ordinary travellers, will offer instant rewards when topped up, offering greater value than its leverage price. For example a Bt5,000 card may be worth Bt5,500. The card can also be used by other people with the same family name as the cardholder.The second kind of sm art card will offer unlimited travel for frequent flyers. Priced provisionally at Bt20,000, cardholders will be allowed make as many trips as they want within a specified period.ConclusionA study by the Centre for Asia Pacific strain (2002) confirms that Asia continues to offer attractive conditions for the air transportation industry. With thirteen out of worlds top twenty-five major urban centres located in the Asia Pacific region and a rapidly increasing urbanization trends, the Asian air travel market is bound to continue to grow. Urbanization is highlighted as one of the key drivers for the growth in air travel. It is estimated that Asia would account for 30% of the world market by 2019, or one third of growth between now and then. While the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome is going to slow down the growth of Asian regional demand, the long-run forecast continues to be very positive. These enable low cost airlines to grow even further.

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on Knives

Degradation of Blood Sourced Dna on KnivesPersistence of deoxyribonucleic acid An examination of degradation of store sourced DNA on knives, by household substances and the rhetorical implicationsAreview of relevant and current peer-reviewed literatureContents (Jump to) relative incidence of homicidesKnife shame rhetorical presumptive analyzesPhenolphthalein and LeucomalachiteFalse positivesLuminolLuminol variationsFalse positivesDNAqPCRSingleplexmanifoldRFLPSTRsLCNAdvancing techniquesForensic MarkersGeneral Household CleanersBleachesDetergentAll-purpose cleanerAnti-Bacterial disinfectantSimilar studiesResearch project outlineReferences common fig treeuresFigure 1. Incidence of homicide victims and acc utilise 2003-2013TablesTable 1.Homicide figures and manners of killing from 2003-2013Table 2.Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11AbbreviationsCODIS Combined DNA index systemDNA Deoxyribonucleic acidLCN Low copy numberLMG Leucomalachite discolourPCR Polymerase c hain reactionqPCR Real time Polymerase chain reactionRFLP Restriction fragment length polymorphisnsSGM Second generation multiplexSTR get around tandem excerptOften after an assault with a weapon, i.e. a stabbing or murder, attempts be made to clean and or dispose of the weapon utilize. The most right away available weapon is a knife, whether the attack is pre-planned or spur of the moment, knifes atomic number 18 easily available to buy and are also, part and parcel with any household i.e. kitchen.Incidence of homicidesIncidences of homicide in Scotland are at the utterest point for ten years, having dropped from 109 in 2003 to 62 in 2013, as seen in Figure 1.Fig 1. Incidence of homicide victims and accused 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013)Table 1. Homicide figures and methods of killing from 2003-2013 (ScotGov, 2013)Table 1 shows that homicide exploitation a sharp instrument is the most common method, at the highest point in 2010-11 was 61% and at the lowest point in 2005-06 was 35.79%.Knife crimeTable 2 shows that more than half (58.2%) of the murders act in Lothian and borders between 2006 and 2011 used a kitchen knife.Table 2. Homicide methods in Lothian and Borders 2006-11, Adapted from (Kidd, Hughes and Crichton, 2013)Forensic presumptive judgesForensic presumptive tests can be used at scenes of crimes for various reasons. They can test to see what a substance might be i.e. drugs, blood. There are various reagents available for use in the presumptive testing for the presence of blood at a crime scene, using varied types of reactions.Phenolphthalein and LeucomalachitePhenolphthalein is the main reagent used in the Kastle-Meyer presumptive test for blood. This test is mainly used one undiagnosable stains, therefore this is used upon visible (patent) samples.The Kastle-Meyer test is a catalytic method, the phenolphthalein will cause an alkaline solution to turn pink after its oxidation by peroxide when blood is present. According to (Johnston et al ., 2008), it will detect blood as dilute as 1 part in 10,000.False positivesThere are several false positives for the test and these include according to (Virkler and Lednev, 2009) chemical oxidants and fruit and may also include vegetable peroxidases.(Garofano et al., 2006), show that the Kastle-Meyer, Phenolphthalein, test is not as sensitive to blood as Luminol, which is res publicad as detectable to 1 part in 10,000,000.Leucomalachite Green or LMG is another widely used catalytic method to presumptive test for blood. It works by the same principle as Kastle-Meyer with the exception of the stain be gently rubbed with filter paper containing the reagent. later on no colour has developed hydrogen peroxide is again added as in Kastle-Meyer and a green colour change in this case is in indicative of the presence of Blood. Johnston et al, also state that Leucomalachite green has a predisposition similar to that of Phenolphthalein, 1 part in 10,000.LuminolLuminol is a rhetorical pr esumptive test for latent blood, i.e. blood which cannot be seen. Crime scenes are often cleaned afterwards by the perpetrator in an attempt to hide any evidence of what had occurred. Luminol allows crime scene investigators to see the full picture at a cleaned crime scene.Webb et al, 2006, State that Luminol is known as the most sensitive of the presumptive tests currently used at crime scenes.Luminol variationsAccording to (Patel and Hopwood, 2013) There are two more commonly used Luminol formulations. These formulations were developed by Grodsky in 1951, Luminol I, and Weber in 1961, Luminol II.Luminol I or the Grodsky formulation uses a infantry of sodium carbonate and sodium perborate as the oxidising agent. However Luminol II or the Weber formulation uses a base of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen peroxide as its oxidising agent.Commercial luminol products cave in become more readily available in the recent years and brands such as BlueStar and BlueStar Magnum and Lumiscene, h ave come onto the market. These products offer the advantage of being easier to prepare than the more traditional formulations.However according to (Quinones et al., 2007) The Grodsky formulation of Luminol I can have a detrimental effect on the ability to subsequently perform DNA psychoanalysis in comparison to the Weber and BlueStar alternatives.False positivesLuminols sensitivity may be an advantage at finding the smallest drop of blood, but it is also its downfall.DNADNA is without doubt the greatest scientific discovery of forensic use to date.PCRAkane et al., 1994 investigated the role haem from blood played in interfering with DNA and in inhibiting the polymerase chain reaction. This early study suggested that a haem-blood protein complex caused proscription issues to the polymerase chain reaction and forwarded the investigations into a more reliable PCR technique.qPCRqPCR or real time polymerase chain reaction,RFLPRFLP or Restriction Fragment Length PolymorphismsSTRsSTRs o r Short tandem repeats, are genetic markers which were first discovered in the early 1990s. (Edwards et al., 1992) Showed that STRs were an effective tool when used for human identity testing. They showed that there were enough variation through alleles for individuals to be positively identified.STR profiling works by comparing sizes of the sample DNA STRs with standardized databased allelomorphic ladders.New alleles are still being discovered with variations in size which may not be found in commercially available ladders.LCN(Gill et al., 2000) explain that LCN or low copy number, in a PCR amplification technique which can be applied to DNA samples with as little as Kloosterman Kersbergen, 2003, explain that 28 + 6 improved energy of DNA sample genotyping. Their 34 cycle PCR technique instead of the normal 28 PCR cycles offered an alternative approach to genotyping forensic DNA samples, which are maybe low quality or degraded.Low copy number analysis of DNA is not without probl ems. The most common issues with LCN are allelic drop-out, heterozygote imbalance, stutter peaks/products and unexpected allelic peaks.Allelic drop-outStutter productsForensic MarkersIn the US a system known as CODIS is used for DNA profiling. CODIS uses 13 loci and Amelogenin. The loci used are CSF1PO, FGA, TH01, TPOX, VWA, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11.The DNA profiling system used in the UK is SGM Plus (SGM+). This system looks at 11 different loci on different chromosomes (independent inheritance) with a large number of alleles. As well as looking at Amelogenin, the sex marker, the SGM+ includes the markers D2S1338 and D19S433 along with eight CODIS overlapping loci FGA, TH01, VWA, D3S1358, D8S1179, D16S539, D18S51, and D21S11.(Cotton et al., 2000) Validated the most recent 11 loci STR DNA analysis method for use in standard forensic casework. The technique was also validated for use in casework involving 1ng of DNA, i.e. LCN.HUMVWFA31/A (vWA)HUMTHO1 (THO1)HUMFIBRA (FGA)General Household CleanersIf you have committed a crime, disposing or destroying of the evidence is more than likely your next step. More often than not this is problem faced by forensic scientists, that a upset attempt to remove any of the biological stuff and nonsense i.e. evidence, blood, using a variety of modify materials. Most mint store their cleaning supplies in their kitchen or bathroom, so general household cleaners are to be examined.Every household will contain basic cleaning materials such as bleaches, detergents, disinfectants and perhaps multi-cleaners. Cleaning materials not only have the ability to potentially cause contamination to of any of the surviving evidence but also to degrade any DNA which may still be present on the evidence. Degradation of the DNA will make it difficult to produce and gain a profile which could be used to link the weapon to the crime.BleachesBleaches can cause many problems at crime scenes, thanks to the American television show Crime depiction Investigation (CSI Las Vegas) most people will know that bleach renders the forensic presumptive blood tests pretty much useless. According to (Harris et al., 2006), Out of all the cleaning products on the market bleach also has the most harmful effect on the quality of DNA available to obtain a profile. They also state that bleach seemed to cause continued degradation of the DNA over time. Common brands of household bleaches include Domestos, Harpic, Mr Muscle, Cif and Supermarket own brands.DetergentCommon brands of household detergents include Fairy, gallant leather, Carex, Daz and Bold.Anti-Bacterial disinfectantCommon brands of household anti-bacterial disinfectant include Dettol, Savlon, TCP and supermarket own brands.Similar studiesResearch project outlineThis study aims to investigate whether the knife substratum has any effect on the quantity of DNA retained on the weapon after an assault whether deliberate attempts to remove any biological material, using a variety of household cleaning materials, affect the quality and quantity of DNA that is recoverable and if DNA is recovered from a weapon, whether it was initially detected by presumptive blood tests.The knife substrates used here were, 18 Kitchen knife and 20 Serrated kitchen knife.The household cleaning materials were as follows, Bleach (Domestos), Detergent (Fairy) and Anti-Bacterial disinfectant (Dettol).Blood samples are to be applied to the blade of each knife, it should be allowed to air dry and then cleaned until no blood or residues thereof are visible. Each knife should then again be allowed to air dry and be swabbed using a double swab technique.Each cleaning material is applied to the two different knife substrates and the pairs are numbered 3-18, with knife set 1 2 being ensure, the initial DNA for comparison should be swabbed forrader the control knifes are dried and washed with warm water only. Cleaning materials should be used acco rding to the manufacturers guidelines.PCR will be performed on the extracted samples usingThe control samples will be used to examine which was the largest contributing factor in compromising the quality and/or quantity of the sample gained.ReferencesThe Scottish Government, (2013) Statistical Bulletin, Homicide in Scotland 2012-13, Online Available https//alpha.scotland.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/417/Homicide_in_Scotland_2012-13_statistical_bulletin.pdf Accessed 02/10/2014Cotton, E. A., Allsop, R. F., Guest, J. L., Frazier, R. R., Koumi, P., Callow, I. P., Seager, A., and Sparkes, R. L. (2000) Validation of the AMPFlSTR SGM plus system for use in forensic casework. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(2-3), pp.151-61.Edwards, A., Hammond, H. A., Jin, L., Caskey, C. T., and Chakraborty, R. (1992) Genetic variation at five trimeric and tetrameric tandem repeat loci in four human population groups. Genomics. Vol.12(2), pp.241-53.Garofano, L., Pizzamiglio, M., M arino, A., Brighenti, A., and Romani, F. (2006) A comparative study of the sensitivity and specifity of luminal and fluorescein on thin and aged bloodstains and subsequent STRs typing. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.657-659.Gill, P., Whitaker, J., Flaxman, C., Brown, N., and Buckleton, J. (2000) An investigation of the rigor of interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA. Forensic Sci Int. Vol.112(1), pp.17-40.Harris, K. A., Thacker, C. R., Ballard, D., and Court, D. S. (2006) The effect of cleaning agents on the DNA analysis of blood stains deposited on different substrates. International Congress Series. Vol.1288(0), pp.589-591.Johnston, E., Ames, C. E., Dagnall, K. E., Foster, J., and Daniel, B. E. (2008) Comparison of presumptive blood test kits including hexagon OBTI. J Forensic Sci. Vol.53(3), pp.687-9.Kidd, S., Hughes, N., and Crichton, J. (2013) Kitchen knives and homicide A systematic study of people charged with murder in the Lothian and Borders region of Scotland. Med Sci Law. Vol.54(3), pp.167-173.Patel, G., and Hopwood, A. (2013) An evaluation of luminol formulations and their effect on DNA profiling. Int J Legal Med. Vol.127(4), pp.723-9.Quinones, I., Sheppard, D., Harbison, S., and Elliot, D. (2007) Comparative Analysis of Luminol Formulations. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal. Vol.40(2), pp.53-63.Virkler, K., and Lednev, I. K. (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes From laboratory testing to non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Science International. Vol.188(13), pp.1-17.

Cigarettes Should Be Made Illegal Essay -- Argumentative, Persuasive,

The sale of cigarettes and tobacco is a multi-billion dollar industry, but is it truly worth all the problems that stem from their use. Health care courts are highly high due to all the health problems associated with cigarettes and tobacco. Even though research has proven time and time again the harmful effects of cigarettes, and the rising cost of health care caused by cigarettes our government will not take a stand and stop all manufacturing of the horrible toxins.Every year immature medical reports are issued regarding the harmful effects of smoking cigarettes. Hundreds of thousands of people around the world die every year from diseases caused by smoking. Approximately one in two lifetime smokers will die from their habit. Half of these deaths will occur in middle age. The most common of the diseases caused by smoking is cancer, of course. Not just is it a cause of lung cancer, but cancer of the larynx, and the esophagus, and it contributes to the development of cancer s of the bladder, pancreas, and kidney. Lung cancer comes from the tar in the cigarettes. The tar coats your lungs like soot in a chimney. It does not make water a difference if a smoker changes to low-tar cigarettes because smokers will take a deeper puff to get the same affect as a regular cigarette. This causes them to key the tar deeper into their lungs causing eve more damage. The Surgeon General requires that every package of cigarettes has one of the following statements SURGEON GENERALS WARNING gage Causes Lung Cancer, Heart Disease, Emphysema, And May Complicate Pregnancy. SURGEON GENERALS WARNING Cigarette Smoke Contains Carbon Monoxide. Despite these warnings most of the population is not aware of the other illnesses that can develop... ...is vicious cycle? They have taken a stand to control the nicotine in the cigarettes why not take that stand even further? Do they not realize by making these wicked things illegal and shutting down manufacturers, not only will they save on health care, they will save lives? Works Citedhttp//www.quit-smoking-stop.com/smoking-diseases.html, http//harvardscience.harvard.edu/culture-society/articles/cigarette-manufacturers-developed-candy-flavored-brands-target-youth, Carrie Carpenter, Harvard School of Public Health, November, 2005http//www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1889469,00.html, Fixing Health Care Cheaply, Haig, Scott, April, 2009FDA bans flavored cigarettes as part of in the buff tobacco control act. Hem/Onc Today 25 Oct. 2009 2. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 23 Nov. 2009.Wilkes, Gwen, Personal Interview, 27 November 2009.

Reverend Dimmesdales Guilt in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

The Guilt of Dimmesdale in The Scarlet Letter   God does not interchangeable the sin of adultery. He does not like lying. He does not like hypocrisy. There are two roads that one can choose. In the end, what may seem like the easy way may have far greater consequences than the hard way. Arthur Dimmesdale chose the easy path and learned that the suffering of guilt is far greater than the pain of shame.   From the start, Dimmesdale did not want to live with the consequence of his sin. To begin with, he must of told Hester not to tell anyone about his sin, because on the scaffold, she will not tell anyone (pg. 64). Clearly, Dimmesdale was hydrophobic of the justice and the shame that would follow. He thought that if no one k unfermented, he could continue with his life normally. Yet, he began punishing himself secretly (pg. 133). Slowly though, the sin began to quetch at him, and he had to beat himself to sooth his conscience. This shows that he has a conscience and that h e is beginning to feel convicted. Late in the book, he finally confesses before the town, moreover then dies (pg. 231-233). As can be seen by his confession, he had the heart to change, but only then he realized that it was alike late. His death pronounced the effect of the poisonous sin that had accumulated in him. The Bible says the wages of sin is death, just as repentance leads to salvation, a lesson Dimmesdale did not learn until it was too late.   Dimmesdale is very hypocritical in how he handles the subject of his sin. For example, he says Be not silent from any mistaken pity or tenderness for him for, c one timeptualize me, Hester, though he were to step down from a high place, and stand there beside thee, on thy pedestal of shame, yet better were it so, than to hide a blameable he... ...glimpse of human affection and sympathy, a new life, and a true one, in exchange for the heavy doom which he was now expiating. (pg. 184). Hesters offer to him for a new shot at li fe could not lift the guilt. He had sinned against the townspeople, and he needed to confess to them. When Dimmesdale is dying at the end, he asks Pearl to pet him (pg. 233). This kiss signifies the breaking of the hold that sin had on his life. Sadly, it was too late-the sin had already consumed the last bits of life that he had left. Even though he died shortly later on he confessed, he still repented, and that was his goal.   Once he confessed his sin to the community, his guilt was gone too. Even after Dimmesdale repented, God still did not like the sin. But, once he repented, he was separated from that sin. God shows mercy on those who repent, and He showed mercy on Dimmesdale.