The University Of The Ozarks - 888 Words

The Student Government Association, a student lead organization aimed to improve the campus community, has established several goals they would like to accomplish during the current school year, 2015-2016. In order to determine these goals and objectives, two detailed persona profiles were created which provided the association with a better understanding of their audiences and how to best communicate with them. The publics were divided into two groups, students pertaining to the senate and students pertaining to the student body. Therefore, the next stage consists in performing research regarding the goals SGA has established by conducting surveys and focus groups on campus. As mentioned previously, SGA works closely with two different publics. The first and primary publics are the officers and senators of the association, whereas the second publics consist of the rest of the student body at the University of the Ozarks. 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The Epic Of Gilgamesh And The Holy Of Heaven - 1502 Words

Though separated by geography and beliefs, ancient peoples worshipped gods and idealized systems which created the basis of their cultures. Ancient works and writings such as the Epic of Gilgamesh, Hebrew Scriptures, and the Bhagavad Gita, preserve the interactions of gods and mortal religious figures. While fragmented and lost to time, the remnants of Mediterranean, Hebrew, and Hindu writings, like many other religions, show the relationship between the divine and their worshippers, through the importance of humans, their actions, and the roles of their gods. Mediterranean polytheism, which consists of the Greek and Mesopotamian pantheons, argues that mortals who are not strong enough to stand at least equal to the gods, are at the mercy†¦show more content†¦The interactions between the Greek gods and their worshippers also denote the relationship between the gods and mortals. In the story of Theseus and the Minotaur, the Minotaur is the son of Pasiphae, the queen of Crete, conceived after the gods punished Pasiphae into falling in love and sleeping with a bull. However, the gods punished her after Minos, the king of Crete and her husband, refused to sacrifice the bull to the gods, leading to the events of the myth. The result of both mortal and divine meddling, the Minotaur, the half human and half bull offspring of the union between Pasiphae and the bull, is responsible for the deaths of many Athenians until Theseus defeated it. While the gods might not have known the consequences of their actions, they still disregarded the wi ll of a mortal, Pasiphae, when they decided to punish her for Minos’s crime. The creation of the Minotaur shows the callousness that the Greek gods approach human will and that the divine have the power to force the desires of mortals. Hebrew Monotheism, shows that Yahweh, their one god, cares the most about his chosen people, the Israelites, but is capable of manipulating both them and other peoples who do not worship him. When Abraham first forms a covenant with Yahweh, Yahweh tells him that his descendants will be enslaved, but â€Å"this is my covenant with you: You will be the father of many nations... I will make you very

Corporate Social Responsibility The Narrow And Broad Views Of CSR

Question: Write a report that discusses the arguments for and against the narrow and broad views of CSR. Please use your text book as a guide, and include all the arguments discussed in Chapter 4. Discuss your position in relation to the CSR debate i.e. do you favour the broad or the narrow view? Imagine yourself after graduating. You are the CEO of a large company and have adopted your chosen view. How would your approach affect society? Use ethical theory to defend your position. An effective way to do this is to: a. Choose an ethical theory to apply to the broad or narrow view.b. Briefly outline the theory to demonstrate your understanding of it.c. Apply it to the issue (HINT: Its easier to apply it to the concept of one view or another, rather than to specific arguments for/against one side). Justify any assumptions that you make.d. When you have applied the theory, make a clear statement regarding whether or not your application of theory finds your chosen view ethical. Answer: Corporate Social Responsibility: The Narrow and Broad Views Introduction The Corporate Social Responsibility is a concept of management according to which the companies incorporate the social as well as the environmental concerns into their operations and interactions with their stakeholders in business [4]. Particularly in the past couple of years, the empirical research conducted had stated that the initiatives of Corporate Social Responsibility had a good payoff for both the companies as well as the stakeholders. Companies require Corporate Social Responsibility for a number of reasons. Getting Tired of Never-Ending Assignments? Hire an Expert from MyAssignmenthelp and Get the Necessary Assignment Help at a Reasonable Rate. This phrase of Corporate Social Responsibility widely describes the extension of the corporations to have an ethical obligation towards the stakeholders. With the increase of influence and power of the corporations the arguments regarding the responsibility of the companies towards the stakeholders beyond the making of profits have also increased. The World Business Council for Sustainable Development had defined CSR as a commitment through which the business organizations are required to maintain ethics and morality and contribute to the economic development in order to improve the quality of life for the workforce and families and also the community and the society. The International Finance Corporation (IFC) stated that CSR is a business commitment for contributing to the economic development. It also resonate the definition of Business Council for Sustainable Development by stating that businesses should work with employees, families, local communities and the society as such attempts would be beneficial for the businesses in the long run. Sociologists consider CSR in the capitalist form and state that this social responsibility began in the form of a social movement against the uninhibited power of the corporate houses. The primary policies and functions of Corporate Social Responsibility as a self-regulatory body includes the monitoring of business and ensuring active compliance according to law, ethics and international standards. However, in some cases implementing or the CSR includes a number of other details such as actions of social good, ahead of the interests of the company in accordance with the law [4]. The objectives of Corporate Social Responsibility includes the gripping of business actions and encouraging a constructive impression on the stakeholders which includes the employees, consumers, the communities, the investors and also the environment. This term of Corporate Social Responsibility popularized during the 1960s and since then it has remained a significant part of company and has over the years comprised within itself a number of other responsibilities such as the legal and moral responsibilities. In this research study the researcher has attempted to explore the two distinct views of Corporate Social Responsibility and also expressed the significance of the broad view of CSR with the help of ethical theory and appropriate instances. The narrow and broad views of CSR Corporate Social Responsibility can be considered as one of the most widely disputed issues in the area of business organizations. There exist two extreme views and opinions regarding the social responsibilities in business [4]. On one hand is the classical view according to which the companies are business enterprises or more precisely economic organizations whose sole motive is to make profits and they have only one responsibility towards the society that is to provide the necessary goods and services to them in exchange of providing maximum profits to the shareholders [3]. Economist and Nobel Prize Winner Milton Friedman supported this classical view of CSR. He stated that the sole responsibility of the managers and the company to carry out the business operations for satisfying the interests of the shareholders and this interest also coincides with the maximization of profits. On the other hand lays the socioeconomic view according to which all business organizations are part of the larger society and hence its responsibilities cannot be restricted to the mere maximization of profits [3]. The proponents of the view further state that even looking at the financial aspect of the company it is in the companys interest to be responsible towards the society. Both the views on Corporate Social Responsibility have been under scrutiny and have been argued extensively as gradually this arena is becoming increasingly essential for the society where the business operates. With time the classical theory or the narrow view of CSR is becoming fader and the socio-economic approach is gaining momentum. Internationally most business houses are adopting the CSR along with their economical interests. As stated above the narrow view suggests that the primary and sole objective of business would be to maximize profits. Scholars supporting different views have generally argued on the narrow and the broad views [2]. For instance Levitt had stated that eventually businesses have two main responsibilities. One is to comply with the basic standards of any business and second is to profit from the business. Friedman argues business should only concentrate on maximizing profits and not on social wellbeing. He further argues since corporations are artificial persons they have artificial responsibilities. Business being an artificial construction the responsibility lies solely on the proprietors and the corporate executives who are the only ones held liable [9]. The narrow view further states that business organization should make money, the executives are employed to accomplish the goals and hence the managers must act in accordance with the owners [1]. Freidman also stated that the executives do have certain amount of corporate social responsibility ahead of making profits. These social responsibilities include the spending of the shareholders money for general interests in the way of taxing owners and spending such tax on community causes [9]. Freidman further argues that the only social responsibility that a business organization has is to indulge in such activities which assist in increasing the profits and that such profit making schemes should be in accordance to the law that is the business should made in an open and freely competitive market without any fraudulences and deceptions. When no force is used the profit making cannot be considered as wrong. Nevertheless, there are such instances of force that gives businesses and markets the wrong impression of profits [2]. Contrastingly, the broader view of Corporate Social Responsibility states that other than the main objective of gaining profits the businesses and organizations have responsibility towards the communities where they operate and to address the negative consequences of their businesses on the society. The Acceptance of the Broader View Both the narrow and the broader view of CSR have a number of supporters. However, I being a CEO of a large company would favor the broader view due to a variety of reasons. There are some arguments which are generally presented to support the narrow view of CSR. The first argument is based on Adam Smiths invisible hand argument. According to this argument organizations should be independent to promote their own self-interests and during this they would be guided by the invisible hand to do social good [6]. Further if organizations are forced to worry about the CSR then would not be able to meet the material needs. However, it needs to be noted that this view is extremely old and does not exist in contemporary times [8]. Presently, corporations have more powerful than the governments. The second argument on behalf of the narrow view is that it is the government of the country that should be responsible for regulating the activities of the corporations and make sure that they act ethically. It needs to be mentioned that it is not possible for the government alone to regulate all the possible unethical behaviors of all the organizations. Further it also not possible to predict the probable behavior of all the organizations [4]. The third argument is that organizations should not be trusted for promoting the well-being of the society as they lack appropriate expertise and would be more prone to project the material views on the society. This contention can also be refuted since there are many private organizations that are capable of looking into the well-being of the society and their own interests as well. The fourth argument is that most corporate executives do not have the moral or the social capabilities to take social welfare decisions hence they would be inefficient in this field. It should be noted that no person is born perfect or with all capabilities. People learn along with their work and responsibilities. In all other sectors people from given expert backgrounds are taking up this Corporate Social Responsibility. Hence even the companies should not be far behind in this matter. And the final argument is that when business organizations are given social responsibilities they would use the influence and power and covert the society into a more commercial and materialistic place. This argument is totally baseless since the business organizations already have enough power to manipulate, materialize or commercialize the society. Proceeding to the broader view there are a number of contentions that proves that the broader view of Corporate Social Responsibility should be adopted rather than the narrow view. Firstly, the duties of any corporation involve the duties towards the stakeholders, the employees, the customers, the suppliers and the environment [5]. Hence the consequences of the actions of the organizations are even felt by the wider society. Secondly, there exists a saying that with great power comes greater responsibilities. Business organizations are generally large and extremely influential and hence they have certain responsibilities towards the society. Thirdly, there exists a universal social contract between the society and business. According to this contract it is the society which makes the rules and guidelines and the responsibilities under which the organizations operate [4]. Therefore, when the society concentrates on sustainability, quality of life and the environment then the organizations should also follow suit and abide by the social norms. And finally under the law every organization is considered as a person. Being a person they are given the right to speech, right to own property and the right to enter into contracts. With rights comes duty and hence the organizations have a duty towards the society. Ethics and CSR The differences between the broad and narrow view of CSR can be elaborately explained with the help of an ethical theory and its application in a practical theory. In accordance to the stakeholders theory stakeholders are such individuals who are the most affected by policies, actions and procedures of the organization. Whereas some stakeholders have specified legal rights in the organizations some stakeholders may have more moral rights relating to the organization [7]. For instance in a large organization having multiple stakeholders some of them are primary stakeholders and others are secondary stakeholders. Under such situations an environmental group may not have any legal rights in the organization. However, they do have a moral right to know about the environmental policies of the organization. Towards their customers who are the primary stakeholders the organization has a lot of responsibilities. They are responsible to deliver such goods to the customers which function properly, are safe and of value. Being a CEO of such a large organization with multiple stakeholders I would consider the broader view of Corporate Social Responsibility. This is because if the narrow approach is considered most of the rights of the stakeholders would be ignored. Corporations generally have been criticized for their adverse effects on the environment as they usually wasted natural resources and contributed largely to environmental problems. With regard to the broader approach the organization would have the responsibility towards the protection of the environment. With the protection of environment the moral obligations towards the secondary stakeholders such the environmental group may be fulfilled. If the sole motive the organization would have been maximizing profit as according to the narrow approach then such moral rights of the secondary stakeholders would not be fulfilled [7]. Also with regard to the primary stakeholders their legal and moral rights also needs to ascertained by the organizations. These rights may also be fulfilled only with the help of the broader view of CSR. Hence this suffices that in order to fulfill the moral and legal rights of the stakeholders it is essential that the broader view of the CSR be adopted since only then the organization would be able to fulfill the business ethics of the stakeholders. Recommendations To have a concrete CSR every organization should abide by certain guidelines so that the large organizations are transformed into productive corporations that affect the society in a positive manner. According to the policies of Corporate Social Responsibility corporations should give away some of the wealth and success to the society for supporting them. In most of the developing countries that have multinational organizations that employ poor people in the factories. Since the organizations have lot of social and financial influence they can make contacts with the governments and business houses to make a difference to these lives. They can contribute in employment schemes, education of their children, counseling sessions and also assist them in staring businesses. Secondly, it is a known fact that the natural environment is the primary source of wealth and such wealth is being abused by humans for centuries. Organizations which take the CSR seriously would understand that they do not indulge in such environmental damage and further they contribute their time and money to protect and preserve the environment [9]. In any organization employees are the primary important factor as they are the ones who produce the wealth. There are companies where collective bargaining protects the interests of the employees. However, such an arrangement is not present in all organizations. Corporate Social Responsibility recommends that all organizations should properly remunerate the employees for the work they do make the organization successful. Equitable packages including salaries, benefits, pension plans and paid vacations should be given to the employees. Corporate organizations should also provide the customers reasonable and appropriate products as they had advertised. Hence by abiding by the standards and guidelines of the CSR corporations not only maximize profits but also serve the society. Conclusion Hence it can be construed that CSR is a sort of duty that the business organizations should eagerly perform in the society where they operate and in a responsible manner. Under general circumstances organizations should not be forced to perform such duties but nevertheless, there are companies that have signified that they need to be forced to take up at least some form of Corporate Social Responsibility [4]. Further sometimes the government, the social media, the advocacy groups and the civil societies compel the business enterprises to practice CSR. From the above discussion it is evident that significant and active CSR is useful not only to the society but also to the company, the employees and the government. Hence CSR should be considered among the basic concepts and values of the company and in this way the corporate organizations would shift from the idea of exploiting the community. This concept would further make the organizations responsible without adding pressure to the authorities. References 1 Sternberg E. CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE 1.Economic Affairs2009;29:5-10. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0270.2009.01940.x 2 Aluchna M. Special issue on Corporate social responsibility in transitional economies.Social Responsibility Journal2008;4. doi:10.1108/srj.2008.36804aaa.002 3 Demetrious K. Corporate social responsibility, new activism and public relations.Social Responsibility Journal2008;4:104-119. doi:10.1108/17471110810856875 4 Arvidsson S. Corporate social responsibility and stock market actors: a comprehensive study.Social Responsibility Journal2014;10:210-225. doi:10.1108/srj-08-2012-0099 5 Scott S. Corporate Social Responsibility and the Fetter of Profitability.Social Responsibility Journal2007;3:31-39. doi:10.1108/17471110710840215 6 Hunnicutt S.Corporate social responsibility. Detroit, MI: : Greenhaven Press 2009. 7 Zu L.Corporate social responsibility, corporate restructuring and firm's performance. Berlin: : Springer 2009. 8 Schreck P.The business case for corporate social responsibility. Heidelberg: : Physica-Verlag 2009. 9 Crowther D, Capaldi N.The Ashgate research companion to corporate social responsibility. Aldershot, England: : Ashgate 2008

Is it right for an organization to seek to shape employee views and values

Introduction An organization can be defined as a group of people working in unity toward achieving common goals and objectives. People in an organization can use their strengths and individual capabilities to achieve better results through specialization and division of labor. The principles, perceptions, assumptions, views and values of people in an organization are some of the major factors that develop an organization’s culture.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is it right for an organization to seek to shape employee views and values? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These character traits together with the physical aspects, the infrastructural development and the social attitude of employees form the basic components of an organization. They can be used to determine the views and attitudes of other people outside the organizations structure; what they think about the organization’s social and co rporate status, whether they desire to be associated with the organization and the loyalty and pride of partners and other people. Although every system of an organization’s governance has its set out guidelines and principles, it is obvious that every employee also has their own views and values about their work and life in general. While realizing that change is inevitable, there has always been debate on whether it is right for an organization to seek to shape employee views and values. Employees in organizations come from different backgrounds and have a different outlook about life. It is important for this people to positively coexist and interact so that every one of them plays an active role in making sure that the organization goals and objectives are met. It is crucial for an organization to try and shape their views and values if this is to happen although the methods that organizations use can lead to negative perceptions about the expectations of employers. Many organizations have sought to shape the character and personalities of their employees through the use of rules, guidelines and policies which an individual is committed to adhere to by signing contracts and other documents, like in many security firms around the world where qualities like privacy, loyalty and confidentiality are some of the expectations of these employers from their employees (Russell Consulting Incorporation 2011). These companies have to make sure that employees’ values and views about their jobs are aligned to company goals and objectives. Others set out goals and standards which when achieved they are recognized and rewarded. This is important for companies which are in competitive and challenging fields especially in the service sector to make sure that they motivate and boost employee morale. Sometimes organizations will go as far as taking their staff to retreats, seminars and other training programs in order to make sure that they understand and get t o the level of performance desired by the organization and that they work in harmony and unity as one team (Chapman 2010).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Everybody including employees working in an organization has their rights and freedoms which should not be interfered with, but when an individual is employed in an organization, whether it is their first job or they were employed somewhere else, they enter into a new and different environment from the one they knew. This is why their ideas values and views need to be molded so that they can live in harmony with other employees in the organization. Employees in organizations will always try to find out what is important and determine whether it is important to freely compete for opportunities, identify and speak out when problems occur and improve on situations when they have the ability to do so. Sometimes they can feel t hat it is not necessary and decide to keep the status quo, to remain silent and keep out of trouble. They work because it is a routine and they have no personal connections with their jobs. Whether they realize it or not employees play a very important role in building an organization’s reputation and making sure that the working environment is safe and comforting to everyone. This in turn affects an organizations output and productivity. For example employees working in the front office, customer care or public relations departments will directly affect their customers either positively or negatively depending on their attitudes, personality traits, and how much they appreciate their work and their employer. Therefore companies can instill better values and train on ways of improving customer service (Robbins 2009). Another reason for shaping employees is that organizations will be involved in group work and team work most of the time. In such situations the building of trus t and reliability between the employees and management and among the employees themselves which brings positive and supportive socialization does not happen spontaneously or easily. There must be effort to make sure that people cooperate by providing input in discussions, giving solutions to problems, participating in debates that are helpful and assisting one another. Employees should be able to understand company procedures and feel free to express their ideas and views even when some of them contradict or are not in agreement with the management. Through impacting these values in their employees, the management in an organization is able to know when there are conflicts and the best way to get out of those situations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Is it right for an organization to seek to shape employee views and values? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is also easier to find out about organizational we aknesses (Ridley 2003). Organizations should always be consistent in seeking input from their employees so that they are able to consider employee suggestions and keeping a hold of their attitudes and opinions. This ensures that the employees do not feel secluded; they can actively participate in performance evaluations and decision making. They also do not feel that the management is only focused on the performance of the company either financially or in terms of productivity. Employees can have the chance to determine the priorities of the organization. For example whether it is hard work commitment and performance which determines success and promotion within the organization or it is connections and relationship with the seniors (Moynihan 2007). Different organizations have different leadership styles and it is upon the managements to make sure that their employees are aware of the methods of communication and integration that are acceptable in their companies. It is important f or employees to have a sense of belonging and feel confident when representing their companies and this can only happen if they do not doubt themselves when they are sent on behave of the organization (Bach 2005) Some of the examples of organizations that find it necessary to shape employees attitudes and values in addition to their skills are those in the banking sector where extra commitment to work is required. These employees require a lot of skills and the right attitude to direct their energy and make sure that they are productive. They need to be committed to their work to make sure that they have the motivation and the drive to continue working even under pressure and when they feel tired. Sometimes they are even required to work overtime. It can never be easy for an individual to be surrounded by money all the time when all they earn is just a fraction of it. These employees are required to be honest and genuine in their operation and sometimes these are values that require a lot of shaping and molding (Reece 2008). Banks should be able to identify the resources abilities, capabilities and the need to develop potential of their staff both as individuals and in groups. Find ways of developing a culture of work that is focused on achieving the company’s goals and fulfilling its mission and hire workers who can learn and meet the standards required. They should also be flexible and be able to adapt to new changes in skills and technology. Apart from working skills other important traits in bank workers include good communication and presentation skills, confidence and the ability to concentrate. These and other values and personality traits have to be learnt by the employee either through deliberate training or through interaction with other employees if the individual is to survive and succeed in that profession (McNaughton Carlson 1992).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is important for organizations to train their employees on what they expect in their values and attitudes so that there is harmony within the working place. Different sectors and departments within an organization can only complement each other if there are guidelines on how work should be done and the relationships between employees. The social-cultural aspect of an organization is as important as any other in the success of that organization. Reference List Bach,S., 2005, Managing human resources : personnel management in  transition. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. Chapman, A., 1995, Motivational Theory. New York: Alan Chapman McNaughton, D., Carlson, D., 1992. Building strong management and responding to change. Washington, DC: World Bank. Moynihan, D.P., 2007, Finding Workable levers Over Work Motivation: Comparing Job satisfaction, job involvement and organizational commitment. Wisconsin: administration Society. Reece, B., Brandt, R., 2008, Human Relations Principles and practices. Cincinnati South-Western Pub Ridley, M., 2003, Nature via nature. New York: Harper Collins Robbins S. P., 2009, Organizational behavior: global and Southern African  perspectives. Cape Town: Pearson Education. Russell Consulting Incorporation., 2011. Understanding Organizational Culture. Web. Web. This essay on Is it right for an organization to seek to shape employee views and values? was written and submitted by user Cailyn Stephenson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Internet Privacy Essays (1596 words) - Privacy, Digital Rights

Internet Privacy Internet Privacy: Is the Internet as safe as everyone says? As every generation comes they bring with them a new invention from cars to television to the telephone the basic existence of man, in my eyes, is to advance both technologically, thus making life better for us all and also scientifically. Man wants to know all we want to be able to answer all the questions out there as every day goes by we get closer and closer to answering some of our questions. Everyday new cures for diseases are found and also new diseases are discovered, new discoveries are made in various fields, at the same time however new problems are arising. Man in every era has depended on some form of tool to help him to his tasks whatever they may be, a tool to make things easier. This tool is technology; technology does not have to be the modern thoughts of computers. Technology is "the science of technical processes in a wide, though related field of knowledge." That is the definition given by The New Lexicon Webster's Dictionary of the English Language. So technology can be anything as long as it helps us advance. It can be anything like a plough to help a farmer, a television to help the media and the telephone to help us communicate. The latest technology of the 20th Century is the Internet and it has placed a great mark on our society. It is the new "place to be" where business can advance, people can interact worldwide at the click of a mouse and this has revolutionarily changed the world. In the world of the Internet there are millions of members worldwide and that means it is a very profitable arena. In an area where there is money there are criminals and that is where the modern criminals of the world are behind computer screens. They may be credible individuals in society and they could also be credible corporations and organizations that are finding a quick way to make money and by doing this they are breaking ethical rules of society (even though it is hard to determine the ethics of the internet) and one of these crimes is the violation of the privacy of others. I have logged on to the internet and have felt safe, like anyone should that logs on to the net, that I am the only one viewing my mail or cruising the net, I feel like I am the only one that knows where I have been and that no one is tracking me. After all the things I have just mentioned only happen in the movies, they are Enemy of the State type of things, and it could not possibly happen to you am I right? Wrong. By holding this thought one is including themselves "in a large group of consumers, world-wide, who are unaware of the multitude of information they are placing on the World Wide Web, simply by using it as it was designed to be used. All it takes is a visit to any site to place personal information about yourself on the internet. (Buffalo University). The best way, at least for me, to understand the Internet is not to view it as a one way street but instead as a two-way road. The one way view of the internet is that it provides us with information and entertainment, this is what many people use the internet for and that is the one way view they maintain though it is not wrong there is more to it. That is where the two way view comes into effect while an individual is surfing the net the people that maintain the web sites are also getting information that information is on you. It is a two way street because you get what you want and they get what they want, which side gets the more information is very debatable, solely on the premise on how much you treasure your privacy. It is disturbing to know that one can be tracked all over the World Wide Web just from their mouse clicks. This may be happening to many of us, our browser alone gives as away simply. Just from our browser someone who wants to can find out could probably find out "which computer you are coming from, what software and hardware you are using, details of the link you clicked on, and possibly even your email address (junkbusters.com)" This is a lot of information about us that we may not want out there. Our

Metropolis essays

Metropolis essays The Working Class vs. The Upper Class Movies must contain some sort of plot or conflict in order to make them interesting. In Metropolis, a definite social conflict emerges between the workers and their ruthless boss, John Frederson. This conflict is due to the major differences in the lives of the working class and upper class. The clear division in society provides a basis in which the revolt is able to erupt in the first place. At the bottom of society lie the pitiful workers, with the ruthless machine that controls them above. At the top, lies the rich upper class, particularly the Brain, John Frederson. In Metropolis, the workers are depressed, over-worked, and short-lived. Not only men work this terrible and dangerous job, but very young boys too. The workers are depressed since they all enter the factory, which resembles hell, early in the morning together, with their heads all hung down. They work a long shift that lasts ten hours. This is obvious due to the fact that the clock on the wall runs only until 10:00. Only working hours count. This machine, ironically resembling the Pagan god Moloch, runs continuously, producing overwhelming tasks for the workers as it devours them. Therefore, this horrible machine enslaves its workers, rendering them helpless against its unmerciful wrath. Unlike the working class, the upper class in Metropolis lives a joyous, yet unproductive, and easy lifestyle. The main character, Fredersons son, is seen playing around in a garden with a pretty little nymph. This scene portrays the upper class as people who waste their time away by involving themselves in unconstructive activities. Not only is the higher society not aiding the workers in their demanding job, but it does not even seem to care about the workers inhumane condition or health. For example, when the main character goes to his father about what he has seen underground, the father just tur...

Global Study300 Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Global Study300 - Movie Review Example The globalization can be considered as an outcome of discrediting communism and the excessive harnessing of fortunes by nations to the newly introduced global markets. Within the United States, Democratic as well as Republican administrations embrace unshackled globalization over the dissents of organized labor. The foremost real examination of globalization for America happened in 1993, with the execution of NAFTA. The NAFTA’s scope was the North American nations of Mexico, Canada and The United States. It was drafted and substantially afoot during the presidential term of George H.W. Bush, although it was completely enforced under the regime of Bill Clinton. This trade organization received substantial endorsement by Wall Street and business leaders but was excessively criticized by labor leaders of United States. It was Clinton plans that won during the election campaigns in 1992 which provided that NAFTA is needed to be implemented but it should force Mexico to increase pollution and labor standards in order to make them parallel to the U.S. standards. Therefore the basis of this unrestricted trade was set and the U.S policy makers can be attributed as its authors and directors (Heights Production

Future of Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Future of Human Rights - Essay Example The significance of the influence presented by the rise and continuing growth of these countries stems from the assertion that social, economic and political power play a vital role in comprehending human rights concept and its corresponding international regime. The emergence and growth of the BRICS countries has implications on human rights since social, economic and political power is shifting from the western states to non-western states. Such power shift generates divergent understanding of political legitimacy and morality hence development of a new world order goes beyond the notion of the dominance of western states. This paper investigates the future of human rights. State sovereignty relates to the continuing tensions between human rights regimes’ foundational principles and their role in contemporary world typified by preferences, values, power and ideas diffusion. The concept of human rights in the 20th century was all about relationship between the state and its citizens (the ruler and the ruled) and that the states’ external legitimacy in the global arena was shaped by the political order of its constituent domestic societies. This model has since changed in â€Å"modern† decades owing to the increased implications of weak states to adequately protect human rights; growing interdependencies; and emergence of the global community having settled norms (Engstrom, 2010). These arguments have changed sovereignty from entailing only power to a concept involving responsibility too. Several bodies and organizations have been established to uphold protection of human rights across the world beyond the â€Å"sovereignty† o f states that is such bodies can intervene, with military deployment as the last resort, if the state fails to respect human rights. The second theme concerns the implication of a global system

Politics of Globalistation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Politics of Globalistation - Essay Example As stated by Mark (25), the dominance of one state over others in terms of economic and socio-political power is known as hegemony. Since the end of Cold World War, the United States has played a significant role in globalisation as a hegemon. U.S’ hegemony was able to impose its rules on the international system, provide goods to the system such as an international economic, financial and commercial order as well as global security and political order (Higgott 148). In short, the United States was able to open up national borders to foreign influences like political, cultural, and economic; thus, promoting globalisation. For this reason, in a world no longer defined by U.S’ hegemony, globalisation would not sustain. Higgott (156) claims that hegemony is crucial in creating international institutions that supply public goods, to the international system. Such institutions include World Trade Organisation, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, The North Atlantic Treat y Organisation, and United Nations, among others. However, Mark (33) argues that the role played by these international institutions is not responsible for stability of the international economy. This is because once they start; they do not need any further controlling since they can survive on their own and other nations come to value and preserve them. However, the United States hegemony does not only set rules for other nations, but also creates international institutions that supply public goods (Bryane 21). According to Robinson (36), such public goods would not be provided unless there was a nation in the international system willing to pay the disproportionate cost to supply them. In the current international system, the United State is the only nation able to absorb the disproportionate cost and supply the public goods to the international community; thus, creating a stable international economy which has less conflicts and more open. However, even if the U.S’ disprop ortionately bears the costs alone, it stands to gain due to its dominant position in the international system. Cox (256) claims that, US hegemony has contributed largely to global security through its military force. Nevertheless, many nations claim that the U.S’ has caused a reduction in international security; hence, they view America as a threat and doubt its intentions. This has led to destabilisation of the international cooperation. However, according to Cox (261), US military hegemony does not weaken global security, but rather promotes international democracy and liberty leading to political stability. For instance, the American military has helped to protect Saudi Arabia from attacks in order to ensure free flow of oil to other nations. Moreover, the stability of U.S’ hegemony has helped to prevent countries such as Germany from developing their own nuclear weapons; thus, protecting Asia and other European nations from destructive security competition and arms races (Harry 43). Therefore, if United States withdraws from its dominant role in the world, globalisation would deteriorate drastically due to lack of international security. However, without protection of Middle East by the U.S’ military hegemony, the free flow of oil is likely to be interrupted by war, which would result in increased oil prices and affect the global economy. Thus, increased oil prices would force nations to use coal that can cause environmental catastrophes

Franz Schubert Composing The Erlkonig Poem English Literature Essay

Franz Schubert Composing The Erlkonig Poem English Literature Essay This essay will compare and contrast four Lieder by Schubert and Schumann. Firstly, I will be referring to Schuberts Erlkà ¶nig and Gretchen am Spinnrade. Secondly, I will be referring to Schumanns Dichterliebe Op.48 and Liederkreis Op.24. Franz Schubert (1797-1828) was an Austrian composer who, more than any other, was noted for his artistic skill in Lieder. He arrived into the music scene in 1814 with one of his first songs, Gretchen am Spinnrade which is a selection of text from Goethes Faust. Schubert produced many masterpieces throughout his short career, composing in nearly every genre, all which was characterized by strong, rich harmonies and having an endless gift for melody. Schubert initially started out as a vocalist where he sang at the chapel of The Imperial Court. Eventually he explored composition and became known as a young genius. After Schuberts voice broke in 1812, he was directed by his father to become a school teacher and follow in his footsteps, even though he was committed to his passion of composing. He worked miserably by day while composing profusely by night and at the age of 20, Schubert had written over 100 songs as well as various operatic, symphonic, and chamber music scores. Throughout the rest of his short life, Schubert produced a large quantity of operas, symphonies, piano sonatas, chamber music pieces, and masses. He is known first and foremost for composing hundreds of songs including his most popular works Gretchen am Spinnrade, and Erlkà ¶nig. He greatly affected Robert Schumann and Gustav Mahlers vocal writing. Erlkà ¶nig is a poem written by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749-1832) in 1782. It is part of his singspiel Der Fischerin and is easily one of his most familiar works from the German song repertoire; it gave Schubert his most known dramatic ballad to date. Goethe was a German poet, dramatist and novelist. He was one of the most important literary and cultural figures of his age, impacting Germany like Shakespeare impacted us. He studied law in Leipzig and Strasbourg, but worked as a newspaper critic after returning to Frankfurt in 1771. He moved to Weimar and became a court official and a privy councillor. However, what sustained his reputation was his literary works, and his relationship with music. Erlkà ¶nig was composed between August and December 1815 and published in 1821 as Schuberts Opus 1. It tells the tale of a father and his son riding through the woods late at night. The boy is only able to see the evil Erl-king (Erlkà ¶nig), and not his father. The Erl-king calls out to the young child, playing with his mind. The boy cries out for his fathers help many of times, but as the father cannot see the Erl-king or his demons, he takes his sons behaviour as a one natural occurrence. When the boy is wounded, the father then realises that desperate measures are called for, he rides through the woods with all his strength and skill, but the boy dies in his arms before he reaches a safer place. Schubert, while working as a school teacher composed nearly 145 lieder and numerous instrumental works in the year of 1815. Erlkà ¶nig gained many stories during the nineteenth century; one being that some people believed it was composed in a matter of minutes. It took Schubert three times to revise his song, he mostly adjusted the piano accompaniment and inserted/deleted bars in the music to somewhat better the pacing. He played about with the dynamics, altering them greatly each time. The piano accompaniment, known to be physically tiring and very difficult keeps a continuous background of repeated, triplet octaves creating a horror theme. Schubert simplified the figuration in one of his revisions, asking for duplets instead of triplets. While the piano accompaniment continues the three characters and narrator sing their simple lines. Each character is given their own unique quality: the child is frenzied and emotional, the father dignified and confident, Erlkà ¶nig himself tranquil and attractive as he attempts to trick the child. The song is usually sung by one vocalist, but on occasion, four separate singers have performed it. The narrator sings in middle range and is kept in a minor key throughout, the father sings in low range and sings in both minor and major keys, the boy sings in a high range, also in a minor key, signifying the fright of the child and the Erl-kings vocal part is in the major key resulting in a contrast as the piano accompaniment is minor , his part is sung pianissimo and undulates up and down to the accompaniment, portraying a sneaky persuasiveness. The horse is implied through the piano accompaniment by the rapid triplets, which represent the horses galloping. As the drama unfolds, the boy becomes more and more terrified, this is shown as the character sings in a much higher register, the harsh dissonances occur as the child cries, Mein Vater, mein Vater! The music quickens towards the end, portraying an image of the father desperately trying to encourage his horse to go faster. It is only at the very end of the song that the piano accompaniment ceases and that the horse has come to a halt, as the narrator states in a bit of skilled recitative that the child was dead in his arms. The piano accompaniment then ends with a dramatic perfect cadence. Gretchen am Spinnrade was composed by Schubert on October 19, 1814. The poem is taken from Part 1 of Goethes enormous recasting of the Faust legend, which finds Gretchen sitting at her window waiting for her lover to return. She spins as she waits for him and Schubert translates the imagination of her foot rising and falling on the pedal, the wheel rotation, and the semi-quaver piano accompaniment showing the twisting of the thread. Schuberts composition seems to be a simple background for the poem, but doesnt just portray the spinning wheel; it also represents Gretchens restlessness. Schubert creates this tension by moving through different key changes, from D minor, then to E minor and finally to F minor. In addition, he alters the text so that the opening lines keep returning throughout the song, which pull the harmony back to the original key. The first stanza of the song reads My peace is gone, my heart is heavy, I shall never, never again find peace. This sets a sad atmosphere for the rest of the piece, and Schubert composed the accompaniment so that it would sound sad along with the text, beginning the song in D minor. At the climax of the song, the accompaniment stops with a fortissimo ascent when Gretchen thinks of her lovers kiss. She stops spinning completely, and its only after several faltering efforts that she is able to regain full composure and resume her spinning. Robert Schumann (1810- 856) was one of the great composers of the early romantic era. He was uncomfortable with writing symphonies and concertos, the larger musical forms, but still composed works in these genres which contain moments of great beauty. He preferred to express his talent in songs and short pieces for piano. Schumann had an ability to translate deep and delicate states of the soul. He did this in works such as the song cycle Dichterliebe by Heinrich Hein which means A Poets Love and in his collections of short piano pieces, which include Phantasiestà ¼cke (Fantastic Pieces), Kinderszenen (Scenes from Childhood), and Waldszenen (Forest Scenes). Schumann began playing the piano at the young age of 10, after being encouraged by his father to pursue his musical and literary talents. In 1828, he became a law student at the University of Leipzig, even though he preferred music, philosophy, and Leipzigs taverns. He also started piano lessons with well-known Leipzig piano teacher, Friedrich Wieck. Schumann became a compulsive womanizer and a heavy drinker. He failed to become a concert pianist when he became partially paralysed in his right hand. Wieck had a daughter, Clara, who grew up and fell in love with Schumann but her father didnt approve. Despite his opposition, Clara and Robert gained the legal right to marry in 1840. Heinrich Hein (1797-1856) was a German poet and critic. He received his early education at the Lyzeum in Dà ¼sseldorf and went to Hamburg in 1816 to work in the banking office of his uncle, Salomon Heine. The business failed in 1819 and he entered the University of Bonn attending August Wilhelm Schlegels lectures on literature. He matriculated as a law student in 1820 at the University of Gà ¶ttingen but ended up getting suspended for participating in a duel. He continued his studies in Berlin between the years of 1821 and 1823. Heines poetry was used by all the major composers of the 19th century and by some minor figures as well. His verses were also popular in music well into the 20th century, and the 19th century witnessed the production of approximately 8000 lieder on Heine texts. It was the year 1840 when Schumann launched his year of song with a Liederkreis (op.24) on a poetic cycle from the Junge Leiden section of the Buch der Lieder. For his Dichterliebe, he selected 16 poems from the Lyrisches Intermezzo. Schumann set 43 of Heines verses. Dichterliebe was composed during the year of 1840 and apparently in a matter of days. It was composed during the same month that Schumann wrote his Liederkreis, Op 24. The texts originate from 16 poems from the Lyrisches Intermezzo which is a section of Heinrich Heines Buch der Lieder which was wrote in 1827. The song cycle originally held 20 songs, but when it was published as Op. 48 in 1844, four songs were omitted. In the opening poems, Im wunderschà ¶nen Monat Mai which translates to In the Wonderful Month of May and Aus meinen Trà ¤nen spriessen, Springing from my tears, optimistic imagery of springtime and birds singing is featured. Schumann used to end the vocal line of a song hanging on a dissonant chord, and the piano would complete the rest of the piece. In Im wunderschà ¶nen Monat Mai, Schumann ends the piano accompaniment also on an unresolved chord, this suggests that the love the singer is showing may remain unreturned. In the fifth song of the cycle, the speaker now sings in the past tense, instead of the present. The seventh song, which is Ich grolle nicht, has a decidedly sardonic tone. The accompaniment has a powerful bass line which supports a repeated chordal right hand part, while the singer sings in a royal, heroic tone. However, the text pretends to have austerity in order to cover its suffering. I saw you in a dream, and saw the darkness trapped in your soul, and saw the serpent that gnaws at your heart; I saw, my love, how miserable you are. Schumanns accompaniment makes it clear that the miserable one is the speaker, and not his beloved. In the conclusion of the collection, the speakers tone is fed-up and all pretence is gone. The music in Die alten, bà ¶sen Lieder sounds ploddy and unrelenting in its rhythm and figuration, it also sounds dark. Ascending arpeggios break the minor key into a brief major mode, only to find an ironic answer in minor once again. In the end of the song, the singers final, sorrowful strains fade and a last piano postlude offers a sense of rest, not found anywhere in Heines original.

Managing Conflicts in a Mediated World

Chapter 5 provides an in-depth analysis of dimensions and dynamics of conflicts, as they exist in communities.   As indicated in the chapter, the community is awash with conflicts given the fact that every single facet of life can produce conflicts.   For instance interpersonal relations amongst members results into conflicts.   In access of resources in a given community members of that community are likely to be involved in conflicts in the competition of resources especially in situations whereby resources are scarce and there exists no proper structure in society to lead to the fair distribution of the resources. It is better to prevent conflicts where possible than waiting the conflicts to take place and then resolving them.   However as Dalton, and Kellet, (2001) observes, the conflicts witnessed in communities are bound to occur as preventing the conflicts is not very practical given the fact that sources of conflicts are very diverse and very difficult to predict. In a community conflicts are bound to arise and resolution of conflicts involves a good understanding of conflict resolution strategies such as avoidance, win-win and accommodation.   Personally, I have been involved in conflicts with my brother, which really left me feeling like it was wrong and unacceptable to get into conflicting situations with my brother. However the content of chapter five has opened my thinking and enabled me to understand that conflicts do not have always to be wrong or negative. Indeed conflicts if resolved well are a source of great learning.   Whenever I differ with my brother, I will be looking at it as an opportunity to learn more and understand ourselves better.   Especially in cases whereby the conflicts result from differences in opinions, the conflict situation should serve to build our relationship and learn a lot from each other.   Conflicts enable people to come up with the best solutions to problems considering the fact that after brainstorming on the opinions generating the conflict, one is likely to settle for the best solutions especially where a win-win conflict resolution strategy is preferred.   Conflicts on the other hand can negatively affect the quality of life of those involved in the conflict especially in cases whereby people fail to resolve such conflicts amicably. Chapter 6 Chapter 6 provides a deep insight on how to identify conflicts in the work place as well as the different strategies, which can be useful in work place conflict resolution strategies.   Chapter 6 identifies major sources of conflicts in the work place as poor team leadership, difference in opinions, personal differences as well as various cultural diversity in the work force as well as in situations whereby the organization recruits staff from various backgrounds. Cultural differences as a source of conflicts is more common in cases whereby the organization is either a multinational corporation or it has presence in many countries or in some cases, it out sources from offshore. Work place conflicts just like conflicts in the community could have both positive and negative effects on job performance and employee morale depending on how well they are resolved. The management must be able to identify and deal with conflicts as and when they emerge.   This is necessary considering the fact that the organization largely relies on teamwork to function smoothly and any source of conflicts, which serve to prevent smooth coexistence of employees, must be identified and dealt with before they get out of hand and interfere with job performance. Conflict resolution strategies in the work place include avoidance strategy, win-win strategy and accommodation strategy and should be administered to all suitable situations to resolve disputes and conflicts in a positive manner.   The major reason why managers need to have good conflict management skills is the fact that the success of an organization is largely determined by how well the managers can organize workers to function as teams as opposed to functioning as individuals. Therefore conflict management calls for the mangers to form teams, which can work well despite the challenges and end up achieving the much-needed synergetic effect.   Chapter 6 helps us to appreciate the importance of conflict resolution in the work place as well as the negative effects of failing to resolve conflicts as they emerge.   As noted in the chapter failure to properly resolve conflicts can result into a reduction in job output as well as likelihood of an increased employee turn over for those employees who feel discontented with the management of the organisation. That is worst-case scenario resulting from conflicts and organisations though the management are supposed to prevent such eventualities by practicing good conflict resolution strategies. By appreciating the causes of organizational conflicts one is able to negotiate the conflicts and come out of the conflicts stronger.   Personally I have in some instances been engaged in conflicts with work mates. For example I was once put in the same team in the production department with a colleague with whom we always had different viewpoints of dealing with situations at work.   However I learnt to use the accommodative strategy as opposed to the avoidance strategy and as such I was able to overcome the conflicts.   From the conflicts, I learnt that the solution to conflicts was in resolving them but not ignoring the problems.   I also learnt that conflicts should not interfere with job performance and thus should be resolved as soon as they occur. Chapter 7 Chapter 7 provides a deep insight on how to identify conflicts in the family as well as how to deal with those conflicts.   Unless well resolved, the family conflicts are likely to spill over to the community and eventually to the work place. Therefore conflict resolutions at the family level are very important in achieving a coherent society whereby people coexist well. Poor conflict resolution strategies in the family often lead to domestic abuse, child abuse as well as elder abuse.   Therefore putting the needed effort inorder to deal with the family conflicts is very desirable in that it is likely to cause harmony not only at the community level but also in the work place.   Families are an integral part of the society especially given the fact that human beings are social beings who need love, care and recognition.   The quality of relationship a family is involved in has been found to have an impact on the unity of the society. Family relationships are complex and understanding of expectations both male and females have of each other is a daunting task.   The fact that relationships are both dynamic and situational further complicates the nature of relationships. To ensure that, families continue to play their role in the society, there is a need for proper conflict resolution strategies to solve challenges which emerge and threaten the very existence of the family as an institution. However, it is not possible to achieve such unity, harmony and organization without proper law structures and system to protect the rights of the family to exist as well as that of the child to belong to the family and be treated in accordance with the law.   Despite the existence of laws governing the family and children, problems and challenges continue to face today’s families. With the divorce and separation rates soaring up disproportionately, more and more people opting not to marry, the family as a core part of the society is constantly under threat. Conclusion Personally I have really admired the conflict resolution skills of my parents who have been able to keep our family together and very united.   When I start my own family I will always apply the necessary conflict strategies for example avoidance, accommodation or win-win strategy to resolve conflicts. Reference Dalton, D., and Kellet, P. (2001).   Managing Conflict in a Negotiated World.   Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications.      

Lewiss Next

The power of the internet has catapulted the information boom among different societies since its emancipation. Its capabilities and power has shifted the realm of information access and potentials not only to several professionals but also to ordinary individuals. With this, such power has been affecting different practices and ideas that are often emanate direct and/or indirect outcomes. As information becomes more and more open to the public, the The book of Lewiss entitled ‘Next’ seeks to cater the unexpected occurrences and events that the Internet boom has created in societies. Such idea can be associated and compared to the story of the â€Å"Emperor’s New Clothes†. With such book and Han’s Christian Anderson’s short story, several overlapping ideas can be observed and seen. One is that there are instances of the relevant and current situations that are taken advantage by people due to society’s tolerance to such actions. (Yourdon, p.1) argues that â€Å"Lewis is obviously aware of the collapse of the dot-com stock market, and the backlash caused by that collapse; indeed, he argues that many of us have become so jaded and cynical that we're missing the deeper and long-lasting impact of the Internet.† Such idea also applies in the other story wherein citizens know that the emperor is addicted to changing his clothes every time and tolerates such idea. Commenting on this overlapping situation, it can be argued that no good true idea or scene lasts forever. Every action or situation has their corresponding loopholes that will take its toll in the future. Yes, there are positive benefits of these ideas in the promotion of something important however; there will come a time that such actions and ideas will become weak or vulnerable to different attacks left and right. Such issues have been elaborated by Lewis in his book and at the same time the two scoundrels who took advantage of the emperor’s addiction to clothes.   There must be continuous improvements and changes so as to prevent such things from happening. On the other hand, there seems to be a difference between the two. Since the introduction of the internet, it has become a necessity among individuals. This continuously applies up to now, as societies become more and more connected. The possibility of changes in this area remains to be difficult due to societies continued tolerance and dependency on the internet. The quote of Lewiss clearly shows the how society and individuals are willing to sacrifice and tolerate the status quo for the sake of increased convenience since the introduction of the information boom – the internet. The examples of Lewiss clearly showcase the ‘termites’ he is referring to. The internet had served its purpose of providing sufficient and added information with relative convenience among users. However, the unexpected consequences and subculture it creates often create discrepancies within the core of why it was created after all. These unexpected outcomes, instead of being reprimanded and stopped are being tolerated by society itself on the justification of freedom. It may be the case that people especially the older generations have underestimated the power that the Internet shall create in the future. Yes, the intention and objectives were in-line to the positive aspects. However, the younger generations are using it as a tool to further their cause which most of the time connotes something extraordinary or ‘radical’ in such manner. The most probable solution to such dilemma is creating and digging deep into the very foundations of why it was created in the first place. Then propose solutions that can help the process without compromising convenience brought about by the Internet. To conclude, the Internet and information boom has created several unexpected outcomes that in a way society tolerates. There must a consensus among different groups and societies in combating this issue. The internet was meant to be used in such a way that it will create convenience among individuals. It might be good sticking to that objective and nothing else. Work Cited Yourdon, Ed. ‘Next: the Future Just Happened’ in yourdon.com/personal n.d. accessed February 1, 2008 from ;http://www.yourdon.com/personal/books/gentech/next.html;

What does the Handmaids Tale contribute to the debate over essays

What does the Handmaids Tale contribute to the debate over essays What does the Handmaids Tale contribute to the debate over womens positions in society today? Throughout the Handmaids Tale there is a connection between womens roles in our society today and that of how they are perceived in the novel. All of the different roles in society are shown for example housewife, mother, prostitute, feminist in the novel but are more emphasised and instead of the multi-roles that many women take on today mostly by choice, the women in Gilead have theirs forced upon them and that is the single role that they must stay in. The Marthas in the Handmaids Tale are the stereotypical housewife; they do the Commanders cooking, shopping and even bath Offred. They are in contrast with a typical 1950s housewife who stayed at home and looked after the children which is also a job of the Martha when a child is born she wants a little child so spoil in the kitchen, to iron clothes for, to slip cookies into. The wives seem to be just for show; there is no pacific reason for their role apart from the fact that they are simply the wives of the commander Or knitting scarves.... maybe its just something to keep the Wives busy, to give them a sense of purpose. They mostly seem to be middle-aged because of her arthritis and unable to breed, hence the handmaids. This could seem to be a comparison to modern day trophy wives usually attractive young women whose husbands marry purely based on their appearance therefore basically to show them off. The Handmaids are basically there for breeding only. Their identity has been stripped as they take on the name of their commander e.g. Offred, Ofglen, Ofwarren. This is also a tradition in modern society however as when a woman marries she usually takes upon the surname of her husband and loses her own, family name. The Han...

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Example

Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Example Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay Simplest alkylphenols isomeric mixtures Essay a mixture of 1-hexanol and 2-heptanol, or a ketone Separation via Ester or salt formation: The female parent spirits enriched with p-cresol ( e.g. , to a m/p ratio of 35: 65 ) from the precipitation with sodium ethanoate can respond with oxalic acid to give the semiester or diester, which is precipitated on chilling to 20 A °C. The ester is separated and so hydrolyzed by heating with H2O at 85 % in the presence of the several nonionic dissolver. The oxalic acid may be precipitated on chilling and recycled. The p-cresol dissolves in the organic dissolver, from which it is isolated by distillment. The jumping usage of both procedures separates m- and p-cresol about wholly { 4 } Alkylation with Isobutylene: Alkylation of m-/p- cresol mixture gives a mixture of butylated m-cresol and p-cresols. Dealkylation of either or both of these merchandises makes it possible to acquire pure m-cresol and p-cresol. Uses O-cresol O-cresol can be chlorinated to 4-chloro-o-cresol and can be used as a get downing stuff for the production of chlorophenoxyalkanoic acids, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid and 2- ( 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxy ) -propionic acid ; these acids are of import as selective weedkillers. A smaller proportion of o-cresol can besides be nitrated to 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol, which can be used in the production and distillment of cinnamene as a polymerisation inhibitor. O-cresol of high pureness is now being processed to epoxy-o-cresol novolak rosins which are utile as sealing stuffs for incorporate circuits ( french friess ) . Normal choice o-cresol is besides employed in the alteration of traditional phenol-formaldehyde rosins. O-cresol is besides of import as a precursor of assorted dye intermediates, of which the most of import in footings of measure is o-cresotinic acid ( o-hydroxymethylbenzoic acid ) produced by the kolbes synthesis. { 5 } This acid can besides be used in the pharmaceutical industry. O-cresols can be used as a dissolver, straight or after it has been hydrogenated to 2-methylcyclohexanol or 2-methylcyclohexanone. O-cresol in the signifier of its carbonated ester is used as a get downing stuff in the synthesis of coumarin. Alkylation of o-cresol with propene green goodss carvacrol, which is used in aromas and as an antiseptic. Alkylated with isobutene, little sums of o-cresols can be used as get downing stuffs in the production of antioxidants and in the production of constituents used for thermic recording stuffs. M- and p- methyl phenols A mixture of these two isomers can organize a starting stuff for contact insect powders like O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-nitrophenyl ) thionophosphoric acid and O, O-dimethyl-O- ( 3-methyl-4-methylthiopheny ) thionophosphoric acid. Although pure m-cresol can besides function this intent. M-cresol is used in the synthesis of phenyl m-tolyl quintessence ( m-phenoxytoluene ) , which can so be oxidized to m-phenoxybenzaldehyde, which can served as a edifice block in the production of insect powders of the pyrethroid type. An of import get downing stuff for the synthesis of vitamin E is 2,3,6-trimethyphenol, this can be produced by the selective methylation of pure m-cresol with methyl alcohol. Alkylation of m-cresol with isobutene green goodss 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol which can be condensed with sulfur bichloride to give 4,4A?-thiobis ( 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol ) , an of import antioxidant for polythene and polypropene. More antioxidants are produced from 6-tert-butyl-m-cresol by condensation with butyraldehyde or crotonaldehyde. In Japan, amination of m-cresol is used to bring forth m-toludine 4-chloro-m-cresol which is used as a germicide and preservative can be produced by selective chorination of either pure m-cresol or a mixture of m-/p-cresols. An of import field of application for proficient methyl phenol mixtures is the production of modified phenoplast rosins by condensation with methanal. The suitableness and monetary value of methyl phenol mixtures for this purpose depends on their content of m-cresol, the most reactive of the three isomers. Cresol mixtures are extremely of import as dissolvers for man-made rosin coatings ( wire enamels ) . { 5 } Impersonal phosphorous acid esters which are used as fire immune hydraulic fluids, additives in lubricators, air filter oils and flameproof plasticisers for PVC and other plastics can be produced from mixtures of m-/p-cresols that do non incorporate the o isomer. Due to its bactericidal and fungicidal belongingss, methyl phenols can be used as germicides in soap. Condensation of methanal with cresolsulfonic acid and Sulfonation of novaks obtained from methyl phenols are used to bring forth man-made tanning agent. Cresols are besides used as wood preservatives. Cresols are used in Ore floatation, fiber intervention, as metal degreaser, as pull outing dissolvers, and as agents for taking carbonisation sedimentations from internal burning engines. Hydrogenation of methyl phenols green goodss methylcyclohexanol and methylcyclohexanone which are used in the pigment and fabric industries. Xylenols Xylenol or dimethylphenol is an arene compound with two methyl groups and a hydroxyl group. The name xylenol comes from xylol and phenol Xylenol occurs in six isomeric signifiers: Commercially, 2-6 xylenol is considered to be the most utile out of the six isomers. Properties The Physical belongingss are shown in the affiliated tabular array: Xylenols are colourless crystallising compounds that are soluble in intoxicant, propanone, and in many other organic dissolvers. They are less soluble in H2O than the methyl phenols { 5 } . There sourness is by and large lower than that of methyl phenol, except for 3,5-xylenol. They are normally soluble in aqueous Na hydrated oxide but the extent of solubility depends on the isomer. The chemical belongingss are similar to that of the methyl phenols Separation: Crude xylenols can be separated into its different isomers by fractional distillment. The different isomers at the matching boiling point are highlighted below. 2,4-xylenol and 2,5-xylenol are contained in the fraction boiling point at 208-212 A °C at 101.3 kPa. Crystallization method is used to divide these isomers since the difference in their boiling point at 101.3 kPa is 0.2 C 2,3-Xylenol is isolated from a fraction boiling at 215-218 A °C by selective dephenolation with dilute aqueous Na hydrated oxide, debut of the free phenols into milk of calcium hydroxide, and depriving with steam ; it can so be purified by recrystallization from benzine { 5 } 3,5-xylenols is crystallized by chilling the fractions with boiling points scope of 218-221 C, 3,4-xylenols is besides obtained this manner but with a fraction of boiling points of 223-225 C Separation of 2,6 xylenols: In the azeotropic distillment of the m-/p-cresol fraction with steam, 2,6-xylenol crystallizes from the condensate. 2,6-Xylenol can be distilled from cresolate caustics because of its lower sourness, after which it is obtained from the condensate by extraction with benzene.. In fractions rich with 2,6-xylenol like the one obtained from synthesis by the methylation of phenol, the 2,6-xylenol can be separated from m- and p-cresol and other phenols by countercurrent extraction with aqueous Na hydroxide-hydrocarbon mixtures. Uses Xylenol mixtures can be used as dissolver for wire enamels, germicides, fabric aides and in ore floatation. Xylenol-formaldehyde rosins can be manufactured from mixtures rich in 3,5-xylenols and xylenols with two H atoms in the o- and p-positions Nontoxic plasticiziers and trixylenyl phosphates which are used as fire-retardant hydraulic fluids can be produced from Xylenols that are without an o-methyl group. 2,4-/2,5-Xylenol mixtures constitute natural stuffs for antioxidants, particularly those intended for gasolene ( e.g. , 6-tert-butyl-2,4-dimethylphenol ) and rubber [ e.g. , 2-methyl-1,1-bis ( 2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ] . { 5 } Pure 2,5-xylenol is besides used in the pharmaceutical industry for the production of lipid reducing agents. 2,6-xylenols is primary used to bring forth poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Oxidation of 2,6-xylenol gives 2,6-xylenol dimer, a forte monomer to bring forth epoxy rosins for encapsulating advanced semiconducting materials. { 6 } Condensation of 2,6-xylenol with acetone green goodss 2,2-Bis ( 4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylphenyl ) propane ( tetramethylbisphenol A ) which is used as an intermediate for polycarbonates whose belongingss are similar to that of poly ( phenylene oxide ) resins. Treated with ammonium hydroxide, 2,6-Xylenol outputs 2,6-dimethylaniline, which is used in the industry of pesticides and besides in the production of pharmaceuticals. Xylenols are besides used in little sums in the synthesis of dyes and in the production of aromas. Feedstock: There are several paths to bring forth methyl phenols and xylenols runing form natural paths to man-made paths, some of which are listed below: Sythentic paths from methylbenzene Splitting of cymene hydroperoxide Methylation of phenol Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking The feedstock required mostly depends on the production path and the specific isomers required. The procedure paths are extensively covered in subdivision 4 Safety Cresols and xylenols burn the tegument and mucose membranes through debasement of proteins, likewise to phenols. Initially white and later chocolate-brown black necroses appear on the tegument. { 5 } Certain persons may demo hypersensitivity symptoms in add-on to the caustic consequence. Absorption occurs even more quickly when the compounds are in the liquid province. Severe harm to the wellness can happen even if the open portion of the tegument is comparatively little. Inhalation of the compounds besides leads to severe poisoning whose symptoms includes concern, giddiness, sickness, purging, muscular vellication and depending on the badness, loss of consciousness. As these compounds are quickly absorbed through the tegument, a causal intervention of the toxic condition is non yet in being, although a good first assistance step would be to rinse it off the tegument every bit shortly as possible. A mixture of polythene ethanediol and ethyl alcohol in the ratio of 2:1 has been proven to be the most suited for this intent and it is extremely recommended that it is readily available in countries where methyl phenols and xylenols are being handled. It is besides recommended that when working with these two compounds, it should be done in closed setup if possible. Suites should be good ventilated and safeguards such as air locks and gas compensation technique should be in topographic point to avoid the inspiration of cresol/xylenol vapor. With brassy point of the different isomers of both compounds runing from 80-87 C, the storage and transit are handled with extreme attention. Cresols and xylenols are normally stored in well-sealed containers in a cool and good ventilated country. During transit, well-sealed and protective containers are besides used ; the high flammability and the caustic nature of the substances are besides indicated on the label. Further information sing the safety and handling of methyl phenols and xylenols can be found in the MSDS included in the appendices and subdivision 4 Environmental Consideration Cresols and xylenols are readily biodegradable, although cresol degrades faster than xylenol. Waste H2O incorporating 900mg/l of methyl phenols can be treated utilizing biological works with appropriately adapted bacteriums. In the environment, methyl phenols are degraded at low concentrations, particularly by bacteriums that are widely distributed in the dirt and H2O ( peculiarly Pseudomonas species ) . Degradation by other beings, including barms, Fungis, algae, and higher workss, every bit good as by photolysis, is besides known. { 6 } Because of these grounds methyl phenols and xylenol do non prevail in the environment. Due to its toxicity in H2O, there are rigorous Torahs regulating their release into the aquatic environment. Liquid methyl phenols and xylenols can be absorbed with absorbents like sawdust, peat or diatomaceous earth and so later fire off in particular incineration workss. â€Å"Solidified merchandises should non be dissolved, but removed automatically. Concluding residues can be neutralized with 2 3 % aqueous Na hydrated oxide and flushed with plentifulness of H2O into suited drains taking to a biological effluent intervention plant† Cresols and xylenols nowadays in waste gas watercourses can be removed by scouring the watercourse with sodium hydrated oxide or by firing. Adsorption on activated C is another method that can be used ; this method can roll up up to 0.5kg of cresols/kg. The adsorbate is recovered when the activated C is regenerated. Market and Resources Size The entire production of methyl phenol was estimated to be 175,000 t/a, of which 105 000t was produced via man-made path and 70 000t via natural paths. Approximately 42,000t are produced in the United States, 50,000t in Europe, 58000t in Japan and 25000 T in South Africa. The natural methyl phenol comes from the gasification of coal, from coaking of coal and exhausted refinery caustics in a ratio of 50:35:15. { 7 } The entire end product of methyl phenols have been worsening in the past decennary, this fact can be attributed to a figure of grounds which includes worsening markets, the entryway of 2,6-xylenol manufacturers into the o-cresol market, the outgrowth of South Africa in the market for purified methyl phenols, the worsening handiness of coal pitchs from coking procedures and of exhausted refinery caustics, and the increasing environmental costs. Approximately 165,000t of xylenols are produced yearly, chiefly from United States, Western Europe, and Japan. Xylenol mixtures histories for 30 000 40 000 T, 2,6-xylenol for 125 000 T, and the staying single isomers ( particularly 2,4- , 2,5- and 3,5-xylenol ) , obtained by synthesis or isolated from mixtures, for 10 000 T. Xylenol mixtures are chiefly obtained from exhausted refinery caustics and coal pitchs in the United States, South Africa and Europe As mentioned earlier, there are several procedure paths to methyl phenols and xylenol, nevertheless the most utilised 1s are: Production from coal pitch Production from naptha checking Methylation of phenol Synthesis paths from methylbenzene. The inside informations for each of the named procedure paths will be covered in the ulterior facet of this study, below is merely an lineation of the procedure paths and states where it is being utilized. Production FROM COAL TAR Historically, Cresylic acids ; a corporate name for the mixture of methyl phenols phenol and xylenol have been produced from coal pitch isolated during the gasification or carbonisation of coal. The chief feedstock for this procedure is coal pitch and the merchandise is normally a mixture of methyl phenol, phenol and xylenols. Countries and makers that employ the usage of coal pitch in the production of Cresylic acid are outline as follows: Cresylic acids have been traditionally produced from low-temperature coal pitchs in the United Kingdom, with the most outstanding manufacturer being Coalite chemicals. Cresylic acids and 3,5-xylenols are produced in Germany by RuA? tgers VFT AG utilizing coal pitch chemical science â€Å"CdF Chimie in France and Nippon Steel Chemical Co. of Japan have besides been bring forthing some coal pitch based cresols† { 1 } SASOL of South Africa is a major manufacturer of Cresylic acid, and it has been reported methyl phenols of 99 % pureness can be supplied for selected clients. Production FROM NAPTHA CRACKING In the USA, methyl phenols and xylenols have been produced from the naphtha fractions from catalytic thermic snap. The merchandises normally contain up to 1 % C6-C8 phenols. Sulphur Compounds such as alkyl and aryl thiols are treated with concentrated alkalic solutions in a procedure known as sweetener and methyl phenols and xylenols are recovered from exhausted acerb washes, bring forthing Na cresolates/xylenolates. The composing of the exhausted acerb cresolates scopes from 20-25 % of C6-C8 phenols and 10-15 % sulfur compounds. The acerb washes are so collected by companies that produce methyl phenols of which Merichem of Houston, Texas is the most outstanding. This method is largely confine to the USA because of the deficiency of cresolates feedstocks in other states. METHYLATION OF PHENOL This procedure is mostly used for the production of o-cresols and 2,6 xylenols, the procedure consists of merely one reaction measure based on phenol, which is comparatively expensive. Separating the merchandises can besides be dearly-won because of the similarity in boiling points. This procedure can either be carried out in the vapor stage or the liquid stage, with the most common path being the vapour stage path. Methylation in the vapour stage is utilized by: General Electric Co. in the United States ( capacity 5000 t/a of o-cresol and 70 000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) Inspec Fine Chemicals ( once Man-made Chemicals, now a portion of Laporte ) in the United Kingdom ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol and 2,6-xylenol, but the works is besides used for the production of 2,4-xylenol by methylation of p-cresol and for 2,5-xylenol and 2,3,6-trimethyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) Chemopetrol in the Czech Republic ( capacity 10 000 t/a of o-cresol, m/p-cresol, 2,6-xylenol and other xylenols ) Nippon Crenol ( joint venture of Asahi Chemical Industry and Nippon Steel Chemical Company ; capacity 8000 t/a of o-cresol and 15 000 of t/a 2,6-xylenol ) , GEM Polymers ( joint venture of General Electric Company, Mitsui Chemicals Co. , and Mitsui Toatsu Chemicals ; ( capacity 2500 t/a of o-cresol and 11 500 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) , Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company ( capacity 5000 t/a of 2,6-xylenol ) and Honshu Chemical Industry Co. ( capacity 5000 of t/a 2,5-xylenol and chiefly 2,3,6-trimehyphenol by methylation of m-cresol ) all of which are in Japan Synthesis paths from methylbenzene There are three possible man-made paths from methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene Chlorination of methylbenzene Sulfonation of methylbenzene: Sulfonation of methylbenzene is normally used in the production of p-cresol and o-cresol. Companies that makes usage of this procedure includes Inspec Fine Chemicals in United Kingdom ( 15000 -16000t/a ) Konan Chemicals, Japan ( 4000t/a ) Atul limited in India ( 5500t/a ) Commercial workss that employ the usage of Alkylation of methylbenzene with propene includes Mitsui Petrochemical Industries Limited and Sumitomo Chemical Co. Ltd which are both in Japan. The capacity of the workss are about 20,000t/a The lone commercial works in the universe that uses chlorination of methylbenzene is operated by BAYER AG in Germany. Easy handiness of Cl at a low monetary value might hold made Bayer s works still attractive. { 7 } Market Although used in aromas and nutrient additives, the chief markets for methyl phenol and xylenol are in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industries. Pharmaceutical industry Cresol and xylenol derived functions, particularly p-cresol derived functions have been used as an of import intermediate in the pharmaceutical industry. Compounds derived from p-derivative include dilitiazem hydrochloride and trimethoprin. P-cresol derived functions such as Para-anisic aldehyde and p-anisic intoxicant have been used as feedstock for production of of import majority drugs. P-anisic aldehyde is used as a critical natural stuff in production of Dilitiazem. Dilitiazem hydrochloride is a calcium antagonist high blood pressure drug. It produces its antihypertensive consequence chiefly by relaxation of vascular smooth musculus and the attendant lessening in perepheral vascular opposition. The magnitude of blood force per unit area decrease is related to the grade of high blood pressure { 7 } . Introduced in the 1970s dilitiazem is presently being produced in Japan, India, Israel and Holland with the planetary production estimated at 1000t/a. it has been reported that there is expected growing of about 7-8 % in production of Dilitiazem during the following few old ages. It is besides of import to observe that India is presently the largest maker of p-anisic aldehyde. P-cresol have besides replaced Gallic acid as the get downing stuff for the production of 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde which is later used in the synthesis of trimethoprim. States that make usage of the engineering for the for the synthesis of trimethoprin from 3,4,5-trimethoxy benzaldehyde includes USA, Canada, UK, Germany, France, Switzerland, Spain, Denmark and India. The planetary demand for trimethoprim is estimated to be around 500t/a with about 300t/a produced in India. These are merely two named illustrations of how methyl phenols and xylenols can be utilized in the pharmecutical industry. They serve as edifice blocks to legion other drugs which includes vitamin E. Going into the elaborate production of each drug produced is beyond the range of this study. However because of their huge application, the pharmaceutical industry is a moneymaking market for methyl phenol and xylenol and their derived functions. Agrochemicals The germicide, bactericidal and antifungal belongingss of Cresylic acids have been known for the last 60 old ages. Cresols were used in domestic application as bactericidal and para-chloro-meta-cresol is besides used as wood preservatives. However, it is non merely the first coevals derived functions of single methyl phenols but secondary and even third derived functions that have proved to be really of import works growing regulators or agrochemicals apart from their utilizations as family insect and pest repellants { 7 } As mentioned with the pharmaceutical industry, methyl phenol and xylenol are of import intermediate used in the production of agrochemicals, traveling into inside informations of the different agrochemical produced would be diversing from the chief intent of these study.